1．肾脏的功能单位为： Ａ．肾单位 Ｂ．肾小球 Ｃ．肾皮髓质 Ｄ．肾小囊 Ｅ．肾小球旁器 2．正常情况下，肾小球滤过液（原尿）在肾小管中被吸收的占总量 Ａ．10％ Ｂ．30％ Ｃ．50％ Ｄ．80％ Ｅ．99％

451．Cardiac contractility is influcenced by（ ）：（记忆，难） Ａ preload Ｂ afterload Ｃ heart rate Ｄ cardiac rhythm Ｅ all above is correct

A1 型题(1-110) A1 型题(1-110) 1.肺泡的最主要功能是（记忆,易） A.湿化空气 B.净化空气 C.气体传导通道 D.气体交换场所 E.滤清空气

2211.下列哪项试验可以帮助诊断下丘脑功能紊乱？（中，理解） A.TSH 兴奋试验 B.胰岛素耐量试验 C.钠-钾平衡试验 D.可乐宁试验 E.ACTH 兴奋试验

Diagnosis of cardiac and respiratory arrest Traditional methods : 1. Carotid pulse check by lay rescuers 2. Loss of consciousness 3. Pupil dilation 4. Respiratory arrest

What is critical care medicine？ Multidisciplinary healthcare specialty cares for patients with acute, life￾threatening illness or injury which including continuum of life support from the scene through discharge Coordinated care systems, analysis of treatment options, protocols, guidelines for the care of individual patients

Endocrinology (1) Roughly a hundred years ago, Starling coined the term hormone to describe secretin, a substance secreted by the small intestine into the blood stream to stimulate pancreatic secretion. In his Croonian Lectures, Starling considered the endo￾crine and nervous systems as two distinct mechanisms for coordination and control of organ function

Contents Normal anatomy,physiology and metabolism of the kidney Clinical manifestation of renal disease Diagnosis and treatment

Water and Sodium Metabolism Control of water excretion Control of sodium excretion Hyponatremia and hypernatremia

Classification Prerenal ARF Intrinsic renal ARF Postrenal ARF