一、腹痛的机制 二、腹痛的病因 三、常见脏器的腹痛 四、急腹症的诊断与鉴别诊断 五、诊断原则和经验教训 六、急腹症的处理 七、病案分析

一、病因及诱因 1 病因 2 诱因:

Background Rhinitis is defined as inflammation of the nasal membranes and is characterized by a symptom complex that consists of any combination of the following: sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea. Allergic rhinitis is the most common cause of rhinitis

General information Definition定义 Allergic rhinitis can be defined as a disease giving rise to two or three of the following symptoms: sneezing attacks serous hypersecretion(高分泌)and hasal blockage due to a swollen nasal mucosa

定义 一、耳鼻咽喉一头颈外科学 otolaryngology--head&neck研究听觉、平衡、嗅觉诸感官与呼吸、吞咽、发音、语言诸运动器官的解剖、生理和疾病现象的临床医学二级学科

一、气管支气管的解剖生理 二、气管 1 颈前正中←→上纵隔

一、鼻的解剖 Anatomy of nose 1 外鼻 external nose 2 鼻腔nasal cavity 3 鼻窦accessory nasal

喉的觉置 喉 larynx 喉 larynx 在颈前正中, 舌骨下 第3颈椎至 第6颈椎下缘。 上通喉咽, 下接气管

一、概要 上接喉咽,下通贲门 C6下缘C10~11 长:23~25cm,横径:2cm

大部分位于颞骨(temporal bone)在颅两侧颅底和侧壁一部分