1. Enzymes were among the first biological macromolecules to be studied chemically 1.1 Much of the early history of biochemistry is the history of enzyme research. 1.1.1 Biological catalysts were first recognized in studying animal food digestion and sugar fermentation with yeast (brewing and wine making)

1. Early studies on the peptide(protein) structure 1.1 The peptide(o=c-n-h) bond was found to be shorter than the C-N bond in a simple amine and atoms attached are coplanar. 1.1.1 This was revealed by X-ray diffraction studies of amino acids and of simple dipeptides and tripeptides

Assay:化验,分析,测定。 Enzyme activity: unit() is defined as the amount of enzyme which convert 1 micromole (umol) of substrate to product(s) in 1 minute under specified conditions. Specific activity: enzyme activity expressed per unit mass of protein present. (units/mg)

1. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups or substances that can yield such compounds on hydrolysis(p. 293) 1.1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and have multiple roles in all forms of life. 1.1.1 Carbohydrates serve as energy stores (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels (e.g., glucose), and metabolic intermediates (e.., ATP, many coenzymes)

1. Hemoglobin is a multisubunit allosteric rotein that carries 02 in erythrocyte. 1.1 Hemoglobin is a well-studied and well-understood protein. 1.1.1 It was one of the first proteins to have its molecular mass accurately determined. 1.1.2 The first protein to be characterized by ultracentrifuge. 1.1.3 The first protein to be associated with a specific physiological function

1. The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are polymers of nucleotide units 1.1 DNA consists of four kinds of deoxyribonucleotide units linked together through covalent bonds 1.1.1 Each nucleotide unit is made of a nitrogenous base (the various part in the four different deoxyribonucleotides), a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

1. Lipids encompass a large and diverse group of organic compounds 1.1 Lipids are broadly defined as biological molecules that are soluble in organic solvents. 1.1.1 Lipids are usually extracted from biological materials by nonpolar solvents like ether, chloroform(氯仿), benzene(苯). 1.2 The biological functions of lipids are diverse. 1.2.1 Certain lipids(e.g., triacylglycerols(三脂酰甘油), commonly called fats) serve as efficient reserves for the storage of energy

第一节 概述 Introduction 第二节 采精 Semen collection 第三节 精液品质检查 Semen quality examination 第四节 精液的稀释 Semen extend and extenders 第五节 精液保存 Semen Storage 第六节 输精 Insemination

第一节 卵子的发生和形态结构 Section 1 Oogenesis and structure of oocytes 第二节 卵泡发生、排卵及黄体 Section 2 Folliculogenesis,ovulation and corpus luteum 第三节 发情周期 Section 3 Estrus cycle 第四节 乏情、产后发情与异常发情 Section 4 Anestrus,postpartum estrus and abnormal estrus 第五节 各种家畜发情周期特点及发情鉴定 Section 5 Estrus cycle and estrus testing

基本内容： 精子的发生、形态、结构、成熟与生理特性；精液的组成和理化学特性；外界因素对精子的影响。 基本要求： 1、了解精子的形态、结构与受精力的关系以及附睾的功能；了解精子代谢与活动力的关系；精子的运动型式、特点。了解精清的理化特性和精子的生理特性，为人工授精技术奠定理论基础。 2、重点掌握精子发生的过程。 第一节 精子发生 Section 1 Spermatogenesis 第二节 精子在附睾内的成熟 Section 2 The mature of sperm in epididyims 第三节 精子的形态结构与生理特性 Section 3 Sperm‘s structure and biological characteristic 第四节 精液 Section 4 Semen