T-系噬菌体——T-系噬菌体是研究的最广泛而又深入的 细菌噬菌体，按发现的先后顺序进行从T1 ---T7编号，后来 发现其中偶数者的形态都相同（蝌蚪形收缩性长尾），故 统称T偶数噬菌体

酵母菌（yeast）是一群单细胞的真核微生物。这个术语也是 无分类学意义的普通名称，通常用于以芽殖或裂殖来进行无性 繁殖单细胞真菌，以与霉菌区分开。有些可产生子囊孢子进行 有性繁殖

在形态上具有分枝状菌丝、菌落形态与霉菌相似，以孢子进行繁殖。 “介于细菌与丝状真菌之间 又接近细菌的一类丝状原核 生物” 近代生物学技术 放线菌实际上是属于细菌范 畴内的原核微生物，只不过 其细胞形态为分枝状菌丝

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chaperones may be required for protein folding 8.3 Post-translational membrane insertion depends on leader sequences 8.4 A hierarchy of sequences determines location within organelles 8.5 Signal sequences initiate translocation 8.6 How do proteins enter and leave membranes? 8.7 Anchor signals are needed for membrane residence 8.8 Bacteria use both co-translational and post-translational translocation 8.9 Pores are used for nuclear ingress and egress 8.10 Protein degradation by proteasomes

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Codon-anticodon recognition involves wobbling 7.3 tRNA contains modified bases that influence its pairing properties 7.4 (There are sporadic alterations of the universal code) 7.5 tRNAs are charged with amino acids by synthetases 7.6 Accuracy depends on proofreading 7.7 Suppressor tRNAs have mutated anticodons that read new codons 7.8 The accuracy of translation 7.9 tRNA may influence the reading frame

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Transfer RNA is the adapter 5.3 Messenger RNA is translated by ribosomes 5.4 The life cycle of bacterial messenger RNA 5.5 Translation of eukaryotic mRNA 5.6 The 5 end of eukaryotic mRNA is capped 5.7 The 3 terminus is polyadenylated 5.8 Bacterial mRNA degradation involves multiple enzymes

Gene clusters are formed by duplication and divergence Sequence divergence is the basis for the evolutionary clock Pseudogenes are dead ends of evolution Unequal crossing-over rearranges gene clusters Genes for rRNA form tandem repeats ( The repeated genes for rRNA maintain constant sequence) Crossover fixation could maintain identical repeats Satellite DNAs often lie in heterochromatin Arthropod satellites have very short identical repeats Mammalian satellites consist of hierarchical repeats Minisatellites are useful for genetic mapping

2.1 Introduction We can think about mapping genes and genomes at several levels of resolution: A genetic (or linkage) map identifies the distance between mutations in terms of recombination frequencies. A linkage map can also be constructed by measuring recombination between sites in genomic DNA

DNA是遗传物质 DNA为双螺旋 DNA的复制是半保留的 通过碱基配对进行核酸杂交 突变改变了DNA的序列 突变集中于热点 顺反子是单个DNA片断 多重等位基因的种类

分子生物学 Molecular Biology Zhao WANG (王钊), M.D./Pharm.D. School of Life Science Tsinghua University