Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is c a lled co mpo und

The English people are of mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes

1.Types of dictionaries Monolingual dictionaries vs.bilingual dictionaries Monolingual dictionaries are written in one language, while bilingual dictionaries are written in two languages

1. Morphology In American English, a number of irregular verbs have become regularised, while remaining irregular in British English: a)In many instances, it is only the voicing of the past tense morpheme -(e)d which has been changed to regularise the verb:

1. Characteristics of idioms (1)Semantic unity Each idiom is a semantic unity. The semantic unity can be reflected by the fact tha he meaning of an idiom is very often not the total sum of the meanings of the constituent words. The semantic unity can aslo be shown in the illogical relations between the literal meanings of the consitituent words and the meaning of the idiom

THE MOTIVES FOR EUPHEMIZING The motives for generating euphemisms are as diverse and as universal as the range of human emotions

语言与社会政治生活密切相关。 在语言使用中,把握正确的政 治方向有助于社会大 的稳定,民族的团 结;有助于国与国 之间友好关系的保 持与发展

Restriction of Meaning Restriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialised sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted

a. Extension of meaning b. Restriction of meaning c. Degeneration of meaning d. Elevation of meaning

（1) A word once reserved for female persons in high places is generalised to refer to people of all levels in a society: