Units of Measurement for Physical and Chemical parameters kg/m3%o(by volume or by mass), pg/L, ng/L, ug/L, mg/L, g/L, ppb, ppm, mol/L, eq/L, meq/L The concentration of trace constituents is usuall expressed as micrograms per liter (ug/L) or nanograms per liter(ng/L) For dilute systems, one liter of sample weighs approximately one kilogram, the units of mg/L or g/mare interchangeable with ppm parts per billion"(ppb)and"parts per trillion"(ppt)are used interchangeably with ug/L and ng/L
Units of Measurement for Physical and Chemical Parameters kg/m3 ,%(by volume or by mass), pg/L, ng/L, µg/L, mg/L, g/L, ppb, ppm, mol/L, eq/L, meq/L . The concentration of trace constituents is usually expressed as micrograms per liter (µg/L) or nanograms per liter (ng/L). For dilute systems, one liter of sample weighs approximately one kilogram, the units of mg/L or g/m3 are interchangeable with ppm. "parts per billion" (ppb) and "parts per trillion"(ppt) are used interchangeably with µg/L and ng/L
2-3 Physical Characteristics The most important ph hysical characteristic of wastewater is its total solids content. which is composed of floating matter, settleable matter colloidal matter. and matter in solution. Other important physical characteristics include particle size distribution, turbidity, color, transntittance temperature, conductivity, and density, specific gravity and specific weight Odor, sometimes considered a physical factor, is discussed in the following section
2-3 Physical Characteristics The most important physical characteristic of wastewater is its total solids content, which is composed of floating matter, settleable matter, colloidal matter, and matter in solution. Other important physical characteristics include particle size distribution,turbidity, color, transntittance, temperature, conductivity, and density, specific gravity and specific weight. Odor, sometimes considered a physical factor, is discussed in the following section
Solids In the characterization of wastewater. coarse materials are usually removed before the sample is analyzed for solids Tab 2-3 Definitions ofsolids found in wastewater Fig. 2-1 Interrelationships of solids found in water and wastewater. In much ofthe water quality literature, the solids passing through the filterare called dissolved solids A filtration step is used to separate the total suspended solids tss from the total dissolved solids (tds). Filters with nominal pore sizes varying from 0. 45 um to about 2.0 um have been used for the tss test Fig 2-2 Size ranges of organic contaminants in wastewater and size separation and measurement techniques used for their quantification
Solids In the characterization of wastewater, coarse materials are usually removed before the sample is analyzed for solids. Tab 2-3 Definitions of solidsfound in wastewater Fig. 2-1 Interrelationships of solids found in water and wastewater. In much of the water quality literature, the solids passing through the filter are called dissolved solids. A filtration step is used to separate the total suspended solids (TSS) from the total dissolved solids (TDS). Filters with nominal pore sizes varying from 0.45 µm to about 2.0 µm have been used for the TSS test. Fig. 2-2 Size ranges of organic contaminants in wastewater and size separation and measurementtechniquesused for their quantification
Particle size Distribution Information on particle size is of importance in assessing the effectiveness of treatment processes(e.g, secondary sedimentation, effluent filtration and effluent disinfection The biological conversion rate of these particles dependent on size The methods used most commonly to study and quantify the particles in wastewater are serial filtration, electronic particle counting, and microscopic observation
Particle Size Distribution Information on particle size is of importance in assessing the effectiveness of treatment processes (e.g., secondary sedimentation, effluent filtration and effluent disinfection). The biological conversion rate of these particles is dependent on size. The methods used most commonly to study and quantify the particles in wastewater are serial filtration, electronic particle counting, and microscopic observation
Serial filtration 2. 0 um as specified in Standard Methods for the TSS test More than 20 mg/L of additional TSS would have been measured Electronic Particle size Counting Diluted sample through a calibrated orifice. The conductivity is correlated to the size of an equivalent spI here Fig. 2-5 Volume fraction of particle sizes found in the effluent from two activated-sludge plants with clarifiers having different side water depths However, the particle size data for the large particles are quite different, owing primarily to the design and operation of the secondary clarification
Serial Filtration 2.0 μm as specified in Standard Methods for the TSS test. More than 20 mg/L of additional TSS would have been measured. Electronic Particle Size Counting Diluted sample through a calibrated orifice . The conductivity is correlated to the size of an equivalent sphere. Fig. 2-5 Volume fraction of particle sizes found in the effluent from two activated-sludge plants with clarifiers having different side water depths However, the particle size data for the large particles are quite different, owing primarily to the design and operation of the secondary clarification