The 6.001 Meta-Circular Evaluator The Core Evaluator ((variable? exp)(lookup-variable-value exp env)) tion exp)) signment exp en ((definition? exp)(eval-definition exp env)) ((if? exp)(eval-if exp env)) ((lambda? exp) (make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)(lambda-body exp) env)) ((begin? exp)(eval-sequence (begin-actions exp)env) ((cond? exp)(m-eval (cond->if exp) env)) ((application? exp) (m-apply (m-eval (operator exp)env) (else (error "Unknown expression type -- EVAL "exp)))) (define (m-apply procedure arguments cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure) (apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments)) ((compound-procedure? procedure) (procedure-body procedure) (extend-environment (procedure-parameters procedure) arguments (procedure-environment procedure)))) lse (error "Unknown procedure type --APPly"procedure)))) (define (list-of-values exps env) 8? exps)'() (else(cons (m-eval (first-operand exps)en (list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))) (define (eval-if exp env) (if (m-eval (if-predicate exp) env) (m-eval (if-consequent exp) env) (m-eval (if-alternative exp)env))) (define (eval-sequence exps env) (cond ((last-exp? exps)(m-eval (first-exp exps) env)) (else (m-eval (first-exp exps) env) (eval-sequence (rest-exps exps)env)))) (define (eval-assignment exp env) (set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp) (m-eval (define (eval-definition exp env) (define-variable! (definition-variable exp) (m-eval (definition-value exp) env)
The 6.001 Meta-Circular Evaluator The Core Evaluator (define (m-eval exp env) (cond ((self-evaluating? exp) exp) ((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env)) ((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp)) ((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env)) ((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env)) ((if? exp) (eval-if exp env)) ((lambda? exp) (make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp) (lambda-body exp) env)) ((begin? exp) (eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env)) ((cond? exp) (m-eval (cond->if exp) env)) ((application? exp) (m-apply (m-eval (operator exp) env) (list-of-values (operands exp) env))) (else (error "Unknown expression type -- EVAL" exp)))) (define (m-apply procedure arguments) (cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure) (apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments)) ((compound-procedure? procedure) (eval-sequence (procedure-body procedure) (extend-environment (procedure-parameters procedure) arguments (procedure-environment procedure)))) (else (error "Unknown procedure type -- APPLY" procedure)))) (define (list-of-values exps env) (cond ((no-operands? exps) ’()) (else (cons (m-eval (first-operand exps) env) (list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))) (define (eval-if exp env) (if (m-eval (if-predicate exp) env) (m-eval (if-consequent exp) env) (m-eval (if-alternative exp) env))) (define (eval-sequence exps env) (cond ((last-exp? exps) (m-eval (first-exp exps) env)) (else (m-eval (first-exp exps) env) (eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env)))) (define (eval-assignment exp env) (set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp) (m-eval (assignment-value exp) env) env)) (define (eval-definition exp env) (define-variable! (definition-variable exp) (m-eval (definition-value exp) env) env)) 1
6.001 Metacircular Evaluator Representing Expressions (define (tagged-list? exp tag) (and (pair? exp)(eq? (car exp) tag))) (define (self-evaluating? exp) (or (number? exp)(string? exp)(boolean? exp))) (define (quoted? exp)(tagged-list? exp ' quote)) define (text-of-quotation exp)(cadr exp)) (define (variable? exp)(symbol? exp)) (define (assignment? exp)(tagged-list? exp 'set)) (define (assignment-variable exp)(cadr exp)) define (assignment-value exp)(caddr exp)) (define (definition? exp)(tagged-l xp 'define)) (define(definition-variable exp) (if (symbol?(cadr exp)) (cadr (caad exp))) (define(definition-value exp) (if (symbol?(cadr exp)) (cadd exp) (make-lambda (cdadr exp)(cddr exp)))) formal params, body (define (lambda? exp)(tagged-list? exp 'lambda)) (define (lambda-parameters lambda-exp)(cadr lambda-exp)) (define (lambda-body lambda-exp)(cddr lambda-exp)) (define (make-lambda parms body)(cons "lambda (cons parms body))) (define (if? exp)(tagged-list? exp 'if)) (define (if-predicate exp)(cadr exp)) (define (if-consequent exp)(caddr exp)) (define (if-alternative exp (if (not (null? (cdddr exp)))(cadddr exp)false)) (define (make-if pred conseq alt) (list 'if pred conseq alt)) (define (cond? exp)(tagged-list? exp 'cond)) P)) (define (begin? exp)(tagged-list? exp 'begin)) (define (begin-actions begin-exp)(cdr begin-exp)) ast-e )(n dr seq))) (define (first-exp seq)(car seq)) (define (rest-exps seq)(cdr seq)) (define(sequence->exp seq) cond ((null? (last-exp? seq (first-exp seq)) (else (make-begin seq)))) (define (make-begin exp)(cons 'begin exp)) (define (operators app)(car app)) (define (operands app)(cdr app)) (define (no-operands? args)(null? args)) (define (first-operand args)(car args)) (rest-operands args)(cdr
6.001 Metacircular Evaluator 2 Representing Expressions (define (tagged-list? exp tag) (and (pair? exp) (eq? (car exp) tag))) (define (self-evaluating? exp) (or (number? exp) (string? exp) (boolean? exp))) (define (quoted? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’quote)) (define (text-of-quotation exp) (cadr exp)) (define (variable? exp) (symbol? exp)) (define (assignment? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’set!)) (define (assignment-variable exp) (cadr exp)) (define (assignment-value exp) (caddr exp)) (define (definition? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’define)) (define (definition-variable exp) (if (symbol? (cadr exp)) (cadr exp) (caadr exp))) (define (definition-value exp) (if (symbol? (cadr exp)) (caddr exp) (make-lambda (cdadr exp) (cddr exp)))) ; formal params, body (define (lambda? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’lambda)) (define (lambda-parameters lambda-exp) (cadr lambda-exp)) (define (lambda-body lambda-exp) (cddr lambda-exp)) (define (make-lambda parms body) (cons ’lambda (cons parms body))) (define (if? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’if)) (define (if-predicate exp) (cadr exp)) (define (if-consequent exp) (caddr exp)) (define (if-alternative exp) (if (not (null? (cdddr exp))) (cadddr exp) ’false)) (define (make-if pred conseq alt) (list ’if pred conseq alt)) (define (cond? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’cond)) (define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp)) (define (begin? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’begin)) (define (begin-actions begin-exp) (cdr begin-exp)) (define (last-exp? seq) (null? (cdr seq))) (define (first-exp seq) (car seq)) (define (rest-exps seq) (cdr seq)) (define (sequence->exp seq) (cond ((null? seq) seq) ((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq)) (else (make-begin seq)))) (define (make-begin exp) (cons ’begin exp)) (define (application? exp) (pair? exp)) (define (operators app) (car app)) (define (operands app) (cdr app)) (define (no-operands? args) (null? args)) (define (first-operand args) (car args)) (define (rest-operands args) (cdr args))
6.001 Metacircular Evaluator Re (define (make-procedure parameters body env) (list 'procedure parameters body env)) (compound-procedure? exp) (tagged-list? exp ' procedure)) (define (procedure-parameters p)(list-ref p 1)) (define (procedure-body p)(list-ref p 2)) (define (procedure-environment p)(list-ref p 3)) Representing environments , Implement environments as a list of frames; parent environment is ;; the cdr of the list. Each frame will be implemented as a list (define (enclosing-environment env)(cdr env))es of variables and a list of corresponding valt (define (first-frame env)(car env)) (define the-empty-environment ,O) (define (make-frame variables values)(cons variables values)) ( define (frame-variables frame) (car frame)) (define (frame-values frame)(cdr frame)) (define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame (set-car! frame (cons var (car frame))) (set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame))) (define (extend-environment vars vals base-env) (if (=(length vars)(length vals)) (cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env) (if ( (length vars)(length vals)) (error " Too many args supplied"vars vals) (error "Too few args supplied"vars vals)))) (define (lookup-variable-value var env) (define (scan vars vals) (cond((null? vars)(env-loop (enclosing-environment env))) ((eq? var (car vars))(car vals)) (else (scan (cdr vars)(cdr vals))))) (if (eq? env the-empty-environment) Error "Unbound variable --LOOKUP var) (let ((frame (first-frame env))) (scan (frame-variables frame)(frame-values frame)))) (env-loop env)) (define (set-variable-vall r val env) (define (scan vars vals) (cond((null? vars)(env-loop (enclosing-environment env))) ((eq? var(car vars)) (set-car! vals val)) Same as lookup except for this Else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals))) (if (eq? env the-empty-environment Error "Unbound variabl SET! (let ((frame (firs (scan (frame-variables frame)(frame-values frame))))) (env-loop env))
6.001 Metacircular Evaluator 3 Representing procedures (define (make-procedure parameters body env) (list ’procedure parameters body env)) (define (compound-procedure? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’procedure)) (define (procedure-parameters p) (list-ref p 1)) (define (procedure-body p) (list-ref p 2)) (define (procedure-environment p) (list-ref p 3)) Representing environments ;; Implement environments as a list of frames; parent environment is ;; the cdr of the list. Each frame will be implemented as a list ;; of variables and a list of corresponding values. (define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env)) (define (first-frame env) (car env)) (define the-empty-environment ’()) (define (make-frame variables values) (cons variables values)) (define (frame-variables frame) (car frame)) (define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame)) (define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame) (set-car! frame (cons var (car frame))) (set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame)))) (define (extend-environment vars vals base-env) (if (= (length vars) (length vals)) (cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env) (if (< (length vars) (length vals)) (error "Too many args supplied" vars vals) (error "Too few args supplied" vars vals)))) (define (lookup-variable-value var env) (define (env-loop env) (define (scan vars vals) (cond ((null? vars) (env-loop (enclosing-environment env))) ((eq? var (car vars)) (car vals)) (else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals))))) (if (eq? env the-empty-environment) (error "Unbound variable -- LOOKUP" var) (let ((frame (first-frame env))) (scan (frame-variables frame) (frame-values frame))))) (env-loop env)) (define (set-variable-value! var val env) (define (env-loop env) (define (scan vars vals) (cond ((null? vars) (env-loop (enclosing-environment env))) ((eq? var (car vars)) (set-car! vals val)) ; Same as lookup except for this (else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals))))) (if (eq? env the-empty-environment) (error "Unbound variable -- SET!" var) (let ((frame (first-frame env))) (scan (frame-variables frame) (frame-values frame))))) (env-loop env))
6.001 Metacircular Evaluator (define (define-variable! var val env) let ((frame (first-frame env))) (define (scan vars vals) (cond ((null? vars)(add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)) ((eq? var (car vars))(set-car! vals val)) Else (scan (cdr vars)(cdr vals))))) (scan (frame-variables frame) (frame-values frame)))) Primitive procedures and the initial environment (define (primitive-procedure? proc)(tagged-list? proc 'primitive)) (define (primitive-implementation proc)(cadr proc)) (define primitive-procedures (1ist(1ist’ car car) (list ' cdr cdr) (list 'cons cons) (1ist’nul1?nu11?) (ist (list more primitives (define (primitive-procedure-names)(map car primitive-procedures)) (define (primitive-procedure-objects) (defi l (lambda (proc)(list'primitive (cadr proc)))primitive ine (apply-primitive-procedure proc args) apply (primitive-implementation proc) args)) (define (setup-environment) (let ((initial-env (extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names) (primitive-procedure-objects) the-empty-environment))) (define-variable! ,true #t initial-env) (define-variable! 'false #f initial-env) initial-env)) (define the-global-environment (setup-environment)) The Read-Eval-Print Loop (define input-prompt ";; M-Eval input: " (define output-prompt ";; M-Eval value: " (define(driver-loop) (prompt-for-input input-prompt) (let ((input (read))) (let ((output (m-eval input the-global-environment))) (announce-output output-prompt) (display output))) (driver-loop)) (define (prompt-for-input string) newline)(newline)(display string) (newline)) (newline)(display string) (newline))
6.001 Metacircular Evaluator 4 (define (define-variable! var val env) (let ((frame (first-frame env))) (define (scan vars vals) (cond ((null? vars) (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)) ((eq? var (car vars)) (set-car! vals val)) (else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals))))) (scan (frame-variables frame) (frame-values frame)))) Primitive Procedures and the Initial Environment (define (primitive-procedure? proc) (tagged-list? proc ’primitive)) (define (primitive-implementation proc) (cadr proc)) (define primitive-procedures (list (list ’car car) (list ’cdr cdr) (list ’cons cons) (list ’null? null?) (list ’+ +) (list ’> >) (list ’= =) (list ’* *) ; ... more primitives )) (define (primitive-procedure-names) (map car primitive-procedures)) (define (primitive-procedure-objects) (map (lambda (proc) (list ’primitive (cadr proc))) primitive-procedures)) (define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args) (apply (primitive-implementation proc) args)) (define (setup-environment) (let ((initial-env (extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names) (primitive-procedure-objects) the-empty-environment))) (define-variable! ’true #t initial-env) (define-variable! ’false #f initial-env) initial-env)) (define the-global-environment (setup-environment)) The Read-Eval-Print Loop (define input-prompt ";;; M-Eval input:") (define output-prompt ";;; M-Eval value:") (define (driver-loop) (prompt-for-input input-prompt) (let ((input (read))) (let ((output (m-eval input the-global-environment))) (announce-output output-prompt) (display output))) (driver-loop)) (define (prompt-for-input string) (newline) (newline) (display string) (newline)) (define (announce-output string) (newline) (display string) (newline))