1907年卡默德和介兰从患结 核病牛的乳汁内分离出致病 力甚强的结核菌，用动物进 行了200多次试验，制成灭 毒的活结核菌一卡介苗。 BCG Vaccine 卡介苗 百日咳、白喉、破伤风混合疫苗简称百白破疫 苗，它是由百日咳疫苗、精制白喉和破伤风类毒 素按适量比例配制而成，用于预防百日咳、白喉、 破伤风三种疾病。 16
16 百日咳、白喉、破伤风混合疫苗简称百白破疫 苗，它是由百日咳疫苗、精制白喉和破伤风类毒 素按适量比例配制而成，用于预防百日咳、白喉、 破伤风三种疾病。 1907年卡默德和介兰从患结 核病牛的乳汁内分离出致病 力甚强的结核菌, 用动物进 行了200多次试验，制成灭 毒的活结核菌——卡介苗
微生物—人类健康的朋友 微生物来源的各种治疗疾病的药物 抗生素、维生素(B2、B12、C) 氨基酸（谷氨酸）、甾体化合物 酶（0-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、门冬酰氨酶) 17
17 抗生素、维生素（ B 2 、B12 、C ） 氨基酸（谷氨酸）、甾体化合物 酶（α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、门冬酰氨酶） 微生物——人类健康的朋友 微生物来源的各种治疗疾病的药物
1929 Alexander Fleming Staphylococcus aureus Penicillium notatum CH3 CH3 COOH Penicillin 6 1940 Penicillin Sir Howard Florey Dr.Ernst Chain 18
18 1929 Alexander Fleming Penicillium notatum Staphylococcus aureus 1940 Penicillin
1942 Waksman Streptomycin NH (an aminoglycoside) H2N-C-NH HN-CH✉ HO 0 OH HN-C-NH- OH OH NH CH20H 19
19 1942 Waksman
The search for antibiotics Event Country 1929 penicillin discovered England 1932 sulfonamides (Prontosil)discovered Germany 1939 gramicidin discovered United States 1942 penicillin introduced England and United States 1943 streptomycin discovered United States 1943 bacitracin discovered United States 1945 cephalosporins discovered Italy 1947 chloramphenicol discovered United States 1947 chlortetracycline discovered United States 1949 neomycin discovered United States 1950 oxytetracycline discovered United States 1952 erythromycin discovered United States 1956 vancomycin discovered United States 1957 kanamycin discovered Japan 1960 methicillin introduced England and United States 1961 ampicillin introduced England 1961 spectinomycin reported United States 1963 gentamicin discovered United States 1964 cephalosporins introduced Milton Wainwright, England “Miracle Cure:The 1966 doxycycline introduced United States 1967 Story of Penicillin clindamycin reported United States 1971 and the Golden Age tobramycin discovered United States of Antibiotics.” 1972 cephamycins(cefoxitin)discovered United States 1972 (Oxford:Basil minocycline introduced United States Blackwell,199020
20 The search for antibiotics Milton Wainwright, “Miracle Cure: T h e Story of Penicillin and the Golden Age of Antibiotics. ” (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990)