Unit 9 Unit 9 Section A Stop brain drain I. Review: have a dictation of the new words in unit 8 Section A: formal/informal, elementary, specialize, confine, occupation, render, preferable, resident, civilization, incredible, contribution, wisdom, accumulate, dist Section B: expansion, scholar, motivate, prospect, civil, equality, preference, proportion, construct, variation, forecast, principal, economic, dominant, eliminate II Start the new lesson 1. Introduction olicies have been made in the u.s. to steal brain from the third world brain drain in India has been a serious problem. The Indian Institute of technology offered students free room and board, even salary. Ind ian taxpayers footed the bill in the hope that one day the graduates would help reconstruct the nation. But many students left for America, never to return. Although the government set special programs to tempt foreign graduates, few of them came home to "pay their pledge. The IIT graduates played a major role in founding Californias Silicon Valley. India had gone from agricultural society to the cyber-revolution, without passing through intermediate stages such as the welfare state and the creation of social services. It is time to pass legislation calling for Brain Trust", helping to create the social structure needed in the next century 2. Discourse analysis Part I (Para. 1-3): Policies have been made in the U.S. to steal brain from the third world Part li(Para. 4-18 ): Brain drain in India has been a serious problem but the government has taken no effective measures Part III(Para. 19): It is time to pass legislation calling for "Brain Trust 3. Language points 1. drain: n. 1)sth that uses up strength, energy, or resources I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy The drain of money from the country is a serious problem 2)[C] a pipe to carry away the unwanted water The drains overflowed after the heavy rain Don' t pour these tea leaves down the drain- you' ll block the sewer v 1)(cause to) flow off gradually or completely The water drained slowly out of the sink With illness her strength drained a
Unit 9 Unit 9 Section A Stop Brain Drain I. Greetings II. Review: Have a dictation of the new words in Unit 8 Section A: formal/informal, elementary, specialize, confine, occupation, render, preferable, resident, civilization, incredible, contribution, wisdom, accumulate, distinguish Section B: expansion, scholar, motivate, prospect, civil, equality, preference, proportion, construct, variation, forecast, principal, economic, dominant, eliminate, display III. Start the new lesson 1. Introduction Policies have been made in the U.S. to steal brain from the third world. Brain drain in India has been a serious problem. The Indian Institute of technology offered students free room and board, even salary. Indian taxpayers footed the bill in the hope that one day the graduates would help reconstruct the nation. But many students left for America, never to return. Although the government set special programs to tempt foreign graduates, few of them came home to “pay their pledge.” The IIT graduates played a major role in founding California’s Silicon Valley. India had gone from an agricultural society to the cyber-revolution, without passing through intermediate stages such as the welfare state and the creation of social services. It is time to pass legislation calling for “Brain Trust”, helping to create the social structure needed in the next century. 2. Discourse analysis Part I (Para. 1~3): Policies have been made in the U.S. to steal brain from the third world. Part Ii (Para. 4~18): Brain drain in India has been a serious problem but the government has taken no effective measures. Part III (Para. 19): It is time to pass legislation calling for “Brain Trust”. 3. Language Points: 1. drain: n. 1) sth. that uses up strength, energy, or resources I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy. The drain of money from the country is a serious problem. 2) [C] a pipe to carry away the unwanted water The drains overflowed after the heavy rain. Don’t pour these tea leaves down the drain — you’ll block the sewer. v. 1) (cause to) flow off gradually or completely The water drained slowly out of the sink. With illness, her strength drained away
2)(cause to) become gradually dry, as water or other liquid is removed They drained water from the land She drained the bathtub and filled it with fresh water 2. immigrant: n. [C] a person who has come into a foreign country in order to live there permanently London has a huge number of immigrants, coming from different parts of the world Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught emigrant:n [C] a person who leaves one s own country to go and live in another country emigrants to Canad a emigrant laborers 3. namely: ad to be exact, (and)that is(to say) The minister would only repeat the official government position, namely that it can do nothing at the moment Switzerland is surrounded by four large neighbors, namely France, Germany, Austria and Italy D)related to business This city serves as an important commercial center in the western region 2)making or intended to make a profit Her novels are well written and they have good commercial value as well n a radio or television advertisement The Tv show was interrupted by too many commercial 5. on top: in a better or higher position; on the highest part Labor is on top in it's contract discussions with management Put the letter on top of that pile of books, where it can be seen easily 6. provision: n. 1)[C] a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done Our library has a provision that hands must be clean before books are taken out We have added certain provisions into the agreement to protect foreign workers 2)the act of making sth available to people who need it The provision of a large, new library has been of great educational ad vantage to the The government is responsible for the provision of medical services The provision of good public transport will be necessary for developing the areas around the city 7. reference: n 1)(an example of) mentioning He made no reference to his illness till after the lesson 2)a source of information That student used the Internet as a reference for his term paper In the reference library there are reference books from which you can get information 3)(a person willing to make a)statement about a persons character or abilities My former boss said that I could use him as a reference The boy had excellent references from men for whom he had worked 8. post-independence era: the period after(India achieved its)independence
2) (cause to) become gradually dry, as water or other liquid is removed They drained water from the land. She drained the bathtub and filled it with fresh water. 2. immigrant: n. [C] a person who has come into a foreign country in order to live there permanently London has a huge number of immigrants, coming from different parts of the world. Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught. emigrant: n. [C] a person who leaves one’s own country to go and live in another country emigrants to Canada emigrant laborers 3. namely: ad. to be exact, (and) that is (to say) The minister would only repeat the official government position, namely that it can do nothing at the moment. Switzerland is surrounded by four large neighbors, namely France, Germany, Austria and Italy. 4. commercial: a. 1) related to business This city serves as an important commercial center in the western region. 2) making or intended to make a profit Her novels are well written and they have good commercial value as well. n. a radio or television advertisement The TV show was interrupted by too many commercials. 5. on top: in a better or higher position; on the highest part Labor is on top in it’s contract discussions with management. Put the letter on top of that pile of books, where it can be seen easily. 6. provision: n. 1)[C] a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done Our library has a provision that hands must be clean before books are taken out. We have added certain provisions into the agreement to protect foreign workers. 2) the act of making sth. available to people who need it The provision of a large, new library has been of great educational advantage to the students. The government is responsible for the provision of medical services. The provision of good public transport will be necessary for developing the areas around the city. 7. reference: n. 1) (an example of) mentioning He made no reference to his illness till after the lesson. 2) a source of information That student used the Internet as a reference for his term paper. In the reference library there are reference books, from which you can get information. 3) (a person willing to make a) statement about a person’s character or abilities My former boss said that I could use him as a reference. The boy had excellent references from men for whom he had worked. 8. post-independence era: the period after (India achieved its) independence
“Post-” is a prefix which means“ later than”or“aftr”. Examples For most of the post-1945 era, defense was not a highly important political issue The opposite of“post-“is“pre”, which means“ before”or“ in ad vance” pre-war years pre-arranged life in pre-industrial England 9. throw out: 1)get rid of, throw away as trash/rubbish You really should throw out that dirty old table and get a new one 2)refuse to accept, reject The committee threw out my suggestions 10. prime: a. 1)main, greatest, the most important a prime reason for our economic decline is lack of people willing to put money into new busi Getting on the Olympic team became her prime objective 2)of the very best quality or kind a fresh piece of prime beef This is a prime example of the waste I' ve been talking about 11. institute: 1)n an organization, esp. one for education or research in the evening The interview will be broadcast during prime time, at seven o'clock The Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MiT) has courses in engineering and 2)v beg Since we instituted the new rule, fewer people have been late to work 12. set up: 1)establish or arrange They' ve set up a fund for victims of the disaster 2)prod The high winds set up dangerous driving cond itions 3)provide sb. with the money to start a business, buy a house, etc After he left college, his father set him up in the furniture trade 4)cause(sb The thief tried to set his companion up for punishment but he too was caught and tried 13. parallel: 1)n. a likeness or connection between two or more events The police officer saw a parallel between the two murder cases 2)a. running side by side at an equal distance apart; similar Parallel line My feelings in this matter are parallel to yours 3)vt. run side by side at an equal distance apart; be similar to The stream parallels the road for several miles The histories of the two countries closely parallel each other 14. pledge: 1)n a formal promise or sth that is given as a sign that you will keep a an election pledge to reduce taxes They made a firm pledge to support us
“Post-”is a prefix which means “later than” or “after”. Examples: post-war years / change from industrial to post-industrial society For most of the post-1945 era, defense was not a highly important political issue. The opposite of “post-“ is “pre-”, which means “before” or “in advance”. Examples: pre-war years pre-arranged life in pre-industrial England 9. throw out: 1) get rid of, throw away as trash/rubbish You really should throw out that dirty old table and get a new one. 2) refuse to accept, reject The committee threw out my suggestions. 10. prime: a. 1) main, greatest, the most important A prime reason for our economic decline is lack of people willing to put money into new businesses. Getting on the Olympic team became her prime objective. 2) of the very best quality or kind a fresh piece of prime beef This is a prime example of the waste I’ve been talking about. The interview will be broadcast during prime time, at seven o’clock in the evening. 11. institute: 1) n. an organization, esp. one for education or research The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has courses in engineering and computer studies. 2) v. begin, set up Since we instituted the new rule, fewer people have been late to work. 12. set up: 1) establish or arrange They’ve set up a fund for victims of the disaster. 2) produce, cause The high winds set up dangerous driving conditions. 3) provide sb. with the money to start a business, buy a house, etc. After he left college, his father set him up in the furniture trade. 4) cause (sb.) to receive (sth. such as blame) The thief tried to set his companion up for punishment but he too was caught and tried. 13. parallel: 1) n. a likeness or connection between two or more events The police officer saw a parallel between the two murder cases. 2) a. running side by side at an equal distance apart; similar Parallel lines never meet. My feelings in this matter are parallel to yours. 3) vt. run side by side at an equal distance apart; be similar to The stream parallels the road for several miles. The histories of the two countries closely parallel each other. 14. pledge: 1) n. a formal promise or sth. that is given as a sign that you will keep a promise an election pledge to reduce taxes They made a firm pledge to support us
When you make a pledge, you should always try to fulfil it 2)v promise formally to do sth The government has pledged that it will spend more money on education We ve pled ged ourselves to fight for justice 15. symbol: n. 1)a sign used in mathematics, chemistry, or other sciences The symbol for oxygen is O2 2)a written character that is part of a special language or sign system The book contains symbols that i cannot read 3)a sign, mark, picture, or other object taken or understood to be the representation of The car is a symbol of freedom 16. at the expense of: with sb. paying, by harming or causing a loss to He took a trip at the expense of the company He became a brilliant scholar but only at the expense of his health 17. were to: This structure is used in an if-clause to make the reader imagine a future cond ition, esp. one that is not likely, not possible, or unreal If it were to rain tomorrow the match would have to be cancelled If it were to reveal its secrets, that organization would collapse in shame 18. nothing but: only That child is nothing but trouble Don't make friends with him: he' s nothing but a criminal 19. keep pace with: move forward, develop or increase at the same rate as(sb. /sth) I cant keep pace with you at this rate Go slowly We must make sure that we keep pace with new developments in computer technology 20. in other words: expressed in a different way You think he should make a positive career move outside this organization other words you think he should leave Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard- in other words ou failed 21. legislation: n. 1)a law or laws already passed New legislation has raised taxes on peoples incomes and on business 2)the act of making laws Legislation of a new trade agreement will take time 22. in the meantime. meantime. at the same time. meanwhile I l talk to you tomorrow; in the meantime have a good evening The new hospital will be built next year, but doctors are having to work in the meantime in seriously overcrowded cond itions in the old one 23 shift: v(cause to) move, change from one position to another The truck driver shifted gears Med ia attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues n 1)C a change in position or location There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion. People used to support the war but now they are against it
When you make a pledge, you should always try to fulfil it. 2) v. promise formally to do sth. The government has pledged that it will spend more money on education. We’ve pledged ourselves to fight for justice. 15. symbol: n. 1) a sign used in mathematics, chemistry, or other sciences The symbol for oxygen is O2. 2) a written character that is part of a special language or sign system The book contains symbols that I cannot read. 3) a sign, mark, picture, or other object taken or understood to be the representation of sth. The car is a symbol of freedom. 16. at the expense of: with sb. paying; by harming or causing a loss to He took a trip at the expense of the company. He became a brilliant scholar but only at the expense of his health. 17. were to: This structure is used in an if-clause to make the reader imagine a future condition, esp. one that is not likely, not possible, or unreal. If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would have to be cancelled. If it were to reveal its secrets, that organization would collapse in shame. 18. nothing but: only That child is nothing but trouble. Don’t make friends with him: he’s nothing but a criminal. 19. keep pace with: move forward, develop or increase at the same rate as (sb. / sth.) I can’t keep pace with you at this rate. Go slowly. We must make sure that we keep pace with new developments in computer technology. 20. in other words: expressed in a different way You think he should make a positive career move outside this organization — in other words you think he should leave. Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard — in other words, you failed. 21. legislation: n. 1) a law or laws already passed New legislation has raised taxes on people’s incomes and on business. 2) the act of making laws Legislation of a new trade agreement will take time. 22. in the meantime: meantime, at the same time, meanwhile I’ll talk to you tomorrow; in the meantime have a good evening. The new hospital will be built next year, but doctors are having to work in the meantime in seriously overcrowded conditions in the old one. 23. shift: v. (cause to) move, change from one position to another The truck driver shifted gears. Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues. n. 1) [C] a change in position or location There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion. People used to support the war but now they are against it
a shift in the wind is expected tonight There was a sudden shift of economic policy on November the 11th 2)[C](a group of workers who do a job for ) a segment of work time The night shift begins at 11: 00 p.m As the night shift leaves, the day shift arrives Are you on the night shift or the day shift? 24. abandon: vt. 1)leave sb or sth forever She abandoned her husband and children and went off with another man 2)stop doing sth. before you have finished The match was abandoned at half time because of the poor weather cond ition 3)allow(oneself) to be controlled completely by(a feeling, way of living, etc. )The old man abandoned himself to grief. 25. in favor of: on the side of, in support of The original plan was abandoned in favor of a new idea Workers have rejected a pay offer of 3% in favor of a 4% increase linked with a shorter working week 26. disintegrate: vi. break up into small pieces, fall apart The box was so old that it disintegrated when I picked it up The company disintegrated owing to lack of financial backing 27. fall apart: fall to pieces, disintegrate The book was old and soon fell apart I don' t know how Mike managed to keep the car on the road for so long. At the end it was practically falling apart 28. trust: n. 1)[C] an organization or group that has control over money that will be used to help s sb. else Housing trusts help to provide houses for people who are not well off 2)[U] an arrangement by which sb. has legal control of your money or property, esp until you are old enough to use it The money your father left you will be held in trust until you are 2 3)[U] confidence, based on the honesty or the ability to rely on sb. or sth I have complete trust in his ability to keep a secret TV. Summary: From this unit, we know that brain drain is a very serious problem in the third world. we should pass the legislation to stop it. V. Homework Write a composition Why I came to college? Section B Borderline ridiculousness I Greeting I. Review l. Answer the following questions: What's the real purpose of the bill? Did India close the country to the world? why?
A shift in the wind is expected tonight. There was a sudden shift of economic policy on November the 11th. 2) [C] (a group of workers who do a job for) a segment of work time The night shift begins at 11:00 p.m. As the night shift leaves, the day shift arrives. Are you on the night shift or the day shift? 24. abandon: vt. 1) leave sb. or sth. forever She abandoned her husband and children and went off with another man. 2) stop doing sth. before you have finished The match was abandoned at half time because of the poor weather condition. 3) allow (oneself) to be controlled completely by (a feeling, way of living, etc.) The old man abandoned himself to grief. 25. in favor of: on the side of, in support of The original plan was abandoned in favor of a new idea. Workers have rejected a pay offer of 3% in favor of a 4% increase linked with a shorter working week. 26. disintegrate: vi. break up into small pieces, fall apart The box was so old that it disintegrated when I picked it up. The company disintegrated owing to lack of financial backing. 27. fall apart: fall to pieces, disintegrate The book was old and soon fell apart. I don’t know how Mike managed to keep the car on the road for so long. At the end, it was practically falling apart. 28. trust: n. 1) [C] an organization or group that has control over money that will be used to help s sb. else Housing trusts help to provide houses for people who are not well off. 2) [U] an arrangement by which sb. has legal control of your money or property, esp. until you are old enough to use it The money your father left you will be held in trust until you are 21. 3) [U] confidence, based on the honesty or the ability to rely on sb. or sth. I have complete trust in his ability to keep a secret. IV. Summary: From this unit, we know that brain drain is a very serious problem in the third world. We should pass the legislation to stop it. V. Homework Write a composition “Why I came to college?” Section B Borderline Ridiculousness I. Greeting II. Review: 1. Answer the following questions: What’s the real purpose of the bill? Did India close the country to the world? Why?