Introduction to composite nonwovens 15 years to come.A composite nanofibre filter media consisting of nanofibres from electrospinning in combination with a wet-laid substrate material has already been found in a wide range of industrial,consumer,and defence filtration applications. Researchers are currently exploring additional nanofibre composite nonwovens for several new uses including providing a highly permeable aerosol barrier in protective gear such as facemasks,respirator filters,surgical gowns,drapes,and protective clothing applications.Also,composite nonwovens prepared by a combination of multiple layers of nonwovens with structured nets by employing ultrasonic bonding to create a set of interesting pleatable alternatives for liquid filtration applications are introduced into the filtration market. The automotive industry also represents a significant market for application of composite nonwovens.In addition to industrial and residential markets,composite nonwovens appear to be used in protective applications.As a substitute of woven combat uniform,a multi-layer composite nonwoven fabric was developed with an aim for excellent performance,high tear strength,durability,comfort,breathability, water absorbency and water repellency,all the while reducing life cycle costs. This fabric reportedly incorporated activated carbon,molecular sieves within multi-layer nonwovens to remove biological or chemical agents.Composite nonwovens are also found to be used in geotextile and agriculture markets.As known,the most common composite nonwoven used in geotextile is a nonwoven mat that has been bonded by needlepunching to one or both sides of a woven scrim.Further,it is known that the waterproof but breathable composite nonwoven fabric is available for the agriculture market. 1.4 Conclusion and future trends Composite nonwovens are considered as advanced technical materials which are created by a modern and innovative industry by combining different materials, technologies and substrates.While designing composite nonwovens,nonwoven scientists and engineers are ingeniously combining various fibres and filaments, different processes and technologies,and various substrates and structures to produce a new generation of nonwoven materials.These materials are offering engineering solutions by creating multi-functional products as well as economical solutions by eliminating many process steps and replacing two or more products by one product. With the advancement of polymer and fibre materials and manufacturing technologies it is possible to select appropriate materials and suitable process technologies or a combination thereofto develop tailor-made composite nonwoven products for a variety of applications.They are found to offer superior properties as compared to traditional nonwovens and this establishes a promising future for composite nonwovens.They are proliferated in many directions to find numerous applications and will continue to do so well in the days to come.Nevertheless
Introduction to composite nonwovens 15 years to come. A composite nanofi bre fi lter media consisting of nanofi bres from electrospinning in combination with a wet- laid substrate material has already been found in a wide range of industrial, consumer, and defence fi ltration applications. Researchers are currently exploring additional nanofi bre composite nonwovens for several new uses including providing a highly permeable aerosol barrier in protective gear such as facemasks, respirator fi lters, surgical gowns, drapes, and protective clothing applications. Also, composite nonwovens prepared by a combination of multiple layers of nonwovens with structured nets by employing ultrasonic bonding to create a set of interesting pleatable alternatives for liquid fi ltration applications are introduced into the fi ltration market. The automotive industry also represents a signifi cant market for application of composite nonwovens. In addition to industrial and residential markets, composite nonwovens appear to be used in protective applications. As a substitute of woven combat uniform, a multi- layer composite nonwoven fabric was developed with an aim for excellent performance, high tear strength, durability, comfort, breathability, water absorbency and water repellency, all the while reducing life cycle costs. This fabric reportedly incorporated activated carbon, molecular sieves within multi- layer nonwovens to remove biological or chemical agents. Composite nonwovens are also found to be used in geotextile and agriculture markets. As known, the most common composite nonwoven used in geotextile is a nonwoven mat that has been bonded by needlepunching to one or both sides of a woven scrim. Further, it is known that the waterproof but breathable composite nonwoven fabric is available for the agriculture market. 1.4 Conclusion and future trends Composite nonwovens are considered as advanced technical materials which are created by a modern and innovative industry by combining different materials, technologies and substrates. While designing composite nonwovens, nonwoven scientists and engineers are ingeniously combining various fi bres and fi laments, different processes and technologies, and various substrates and structures to produce a new generation of nonwoven materials. These materials are offering engineering solutions by creating multi- functional products as well as economical solutions by eliminating many process steps and replacing two or more products by one product. With the advancement of polymer and fi bre materials and manufacturing technologies it is possible to select appropriate materials and suitable process technologies or a combination thereof to develop tailor- made composite nonwoven products for a variety of applications. They are found to offer superior properties as compared to traditional nonwovens and this establishes a promising future for composite nonwovens. They are proliferated in many directions to fi nd numerous applications and will continue to do so well in the days to come. Nevertheless
16 Composite Nonwoven Materials like any industry,the nonwoven industry is not left without any challenge.As indicated by O'Dell (2009),the price pressure is growing as mass markets are extending in certain areas.Therefore,an appropriate price-performance ratio is certainly needed in the entire industry.Also,consumers are demanding long- lasting products that are high-performance,cost-conscious and environmentally sound.A large number of nonwoven scientists and engineers worldwide are working towards newer combinations of materials,processes and structures for development of novel composite nonwoven materials.As the nonwoven industry continues to invest wholeheartedly in continuing research and development,it is poised for great success. As reported by O'Dell(2009),the combination of several layers or composite constructions with appropriate after-treatment option allows nonwoven manufacturers to create interesting product novelties.As predicted,there will be an interesting and exciting future of composite nonwovens for technical applications(O'Dell,2009).It would therefore be worthwhile to look for further innovations directed towards combinations of materials or coupling of process technologies for creation of novel composite nonwoven materials. 1.5 Sources of further information and advice Composite nonwoven is considered to be an advanced technical material which is continuously gaining interest among the nonwoven scientists and researchers worldwide.Several interesting inventions on composite nonwovens have already been reported to date,mainly in the form of patents.But,at the same time,it is felt that there are many more excellent possibilities remaining for creations combining nonwovens for a variety of applications.A close watch on patents is therefore required in order to get to know the latest inventions on composite nonwoven materials.Besides,there are several trade journals which continually publish latest information on the nonwovens industry,nonwovens market,and newer nonwovens products and processes.These include Nomwovens Industry, Nonwovens World,Nonwoven Markets,Nonwovens Reports International,etc. These journals can therefore be of interest for the latest information on composite nonwovens.Further,the publications of professional bodies such as INDA and IDANA,and research scientists worldwide,can also be the source of further information on composite nonwovens. 1.6 References Allgeuer,T.T.,Chang,A.C.,Claasen,G.J.,Doufas,A.K.,Knickerbocker,E.N.,Peng,H., Pepper,R.E.,and Van Dun,J.J.(Dow Global Technologies Inc.)(2007),Propylene based meltblown nomwoven layers and composite structures,US Patent 024447 Al, 2007-Mar-01. Angelini,P.J.and Haley,C.J.(Reemay Inc.)(2006),Wetlaid-spunbond laminate membrane support,US Patent 7,051,883 B2,2006-May-30
16 Composite Nonwoven Materials like any industry, the nonwoven industry is not left without any challenge. As indicated by O’Dell (2009), the price pressure is growing as mass markets are extending in certain areas. Therefore, an appropriate price–performance ratio is certainly needed in the entire industry. Also, consumers are demanding longlasting products that are high- performance, cost- conscious and environmentally sound. A large number of nonwoven scientists and engineers worldwide are working towards newer combinations of materials, processes and structures for development of novel composite nonwoven materials. As the nonwoven industry continues to invest wholeheartedly in continuing research and development, it is poised for great success. As reported by O’Dell (2009), the combination of several layers or composite constructions with appropriate after- treatment option allows nonwoven manufacturers to create interesting product novelties. As predicted, there will be an interesting and exciting future of composite nonwovens for technical applications (O’Dell, 2009). It would therefore be worthwhile to look for further innovations directed towards combinations of materials or coupling of process technologies for creation of novel composite nonwoven materials. 1.5 Sources of further information and advice Composite nonwoven is considered to be an advanced technical material which is continuously gaining interest among the nonwoven scientists and researchers worldwide. Several interesting inventions on composite nonwovens have already been reported to date, mainly in the form of patents. But, at the same time, it is felt that there are many more excellent possibilities remaining for creations combining nonwovens for a variety of applications. A close watch on patents is therefore required in order to get to know the latest inventions on composite nonwoven materials. Besides, there are several trade journals which continually publish latest information on the nonwovens industry, nonwovens market, and newer nonwovens products and processes. These include Nonwovens Industry , Nonwovens World , Nonwoven Markets , Nonwovens Reports International , etc. These journals can therefore be of interest for the latest information on composite nonwovens. Further, the publications of professional bodies such as INDA and IDANA, and research scientists worldwide, can also be the source of further information on composite nonwovens. 1.6References Allgeuer , T. T. , Chang , A. C. , Claasen , G. J. , Doufas , A. K. , Knickerbocker , E. N. , Peng , H. , Pepper , R. E. , and Van Dun , J. J. (Dow Global Technologies Inc.) ( 2007 ), Propylene based meltblown nonwoven layers and composite structures , US Patent 024447 A1 , 2007-Mar-01. Angelini , P. J. and Haley , C. J. (Reemay Inc.) ( 2006 ), Wetlaid- spunbond laminate membrane support , US Patent 7,051,883 B2 , 2006-May-30
Introduction to composite nonwovens 17 Bansal,V.(Invista North America)(2006),Stretchable composite sheets and processes for making,US Patent 7,005.395,2006-Feb-28. Batra,S.K.and Pourdeyhimi,B.P.(2012),Introduction to Nonwoven Technology, Lancaster,DEStech Publications,Inc.,4-11,289-306. Bergholm,H.,Lampula,E.,Rahhola,M.,Hulden,M.,and Tiirikainen,J.(2005),Composite nonwoven its use and method of manufacture,US Patent 0090175 A1,2005-Apr-28. Bikales,N.M.(1976),'Nonwoven fabrics',in Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science and Technology,edited by H.F.Mark,John Wiley and Sons Inc.,USA,341. Bonneh,A.(Avgol Nonwovens Ltd.)(2006),Nomoven web material with spunlaid and meltblown layers having absorbency and increased sofiness,US Patent 040753 Al, 2006-Apr-20. Boscolo,A.(Matkowska Associes)(2008),Pre-consolidated spunbondedweb,composite nonwoven omprising said pre-consolidated spunbonded web,method and continuous system for producing said composite,European Patent EP 1,961,849 A1,2008-Aug-27. Boscolo,G.(Matkowska)(2008),Hydroentangled composite nomwoven comprising spunbonded layer and an absorbent pulp layer.method and continuous system for producing said composite,European Patent Application 1961850 A1,2008-Aug-27. Boscolo,G.and Maltese,A.(Albis Spa)(2009),Elastic spunbond nomwoven and composite nomwoven comprising the same,US Patent 0264038 A1,2009-Oct-22 Brock,R.J.and Meitner,G.H.(Kimberly-Clark Corporation)(1977),Norwoven thermoplastic fabric,US Patent 4041203,1977-Aug-09. Collins,L.M.(American Nonwovens Corporation)(1995),Composite nomwoven fabric and method,US Patent 5,475,903,1995-Dec-19. Crainic,S.(Polymer Group Inc.)(2005),High bulk nomvoven composite,US Patent 0170728A1,2005-Aug-05. Damaghi,R.,Child,W.,and Duane,L.E.(Nutek Disposables Inc.)(2010),Composite wipe,WO Patent 028238 A1,2010-Mar-11. Das,D.,Pradhan,A.K.,Chattopadhyay,R.and Singh,S.N.(2012),Composite nonwovens, Textile Progress,44(1),1-84. Doherty,J.P.(Lydall Inc.)(2003),Air-laid/wet-laid gas filtration media,US Patent 6,579,350B2,2003-Jun-17. Ducker,P.M.and Rangachari,K.(Rayonier Products and Financial Services Company) (2005),Composite absorbent structures with nonwoven substrates with improved lamination integrity,US Patent 0118916,2005-Jun-02. Duello,L.E.,Peart,C.B.,Lemaster,H.S.,and Lemaster,D.E.(2010),Multilayer composite nonwoven material,a fluid filter and a method of making the nonwoven material,US Patent 0006498 A1,2010-Jan-14. Duncan,G.K.,Meierhoefer,A.W.,and Volpe,A.(2003),Composite nomvoven fabric and process for its manfacture,US Patent 0211800 A1,2003-Nov-13. Everhart,C.H.,Fischer,D.O.,and Radwanski,F.R.(Kimberly Clark Corporation)(1994), High pulp content composite nomwoven fabric,US Patent 5,284,703,1994-Feb-08. Ferencz,R.L.(Polymer Group Inc.)(2002),Fine denier spunbond process and products thereof US Patent 29146 A1,2002-Apr-11. Ferreira,R.B.and Rieger,J.A.(Ahlstorm Windsor Locks LLC)(2004),Wet-laid nomwoven web from unpulped natural fibres and composite containing same,US Patent 6,762,138 B2,2004-Jul-13. Gensheimer,M.,Brandis-Heep,A.,Agarwal,S.,Thauer,R.K.,and Greiner,A.(2011), Polymer/bacteria composite nanofibre nonwovens by electrospinning of living bacteria protected by hydrogel microparticlres,Macromolecular Bioscience,11:333-337
Introduction to composite nonwovens 17 Bansal , V. (Invista North America) ( 2006 ), Stretchable composite sheets and processes for making , US Patent 7,005,395 , 2006-Feb-28. Batra , S. K. and Pourdeyhimi , B. P. ( 2012 ), Introduction to Nonwoven Technology , Lancaster , DEStech Publications, Inc. , 4 – 11 , 289 – 306 . Bergholm , H. , Lampula , E. , Rahhola , M. , Hulden , M. , and Tiirikainen , J. ( 2005 ), Composite nonwoven its use and method of manufacture , US Patent 0090175 A1 , 2005-Apr-28. Bikales , N. M. ( 1976 ), ‘ Nonwoven fabrics ’, in Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science and Technology , edited by H. F. Mark , John Wiley and Sons Inc. , USA , 341 . Bonneh , A. (Avgol Nonwovens Ltd.) ( 2006 ), Nonwoven web material with spunlaid and meltblown layers having absorbency and increased softness , US Patent 040753 A1 , 2006-Apr-20. Boscolo , A. (Matkowska & Associes) ( 2008 ), Pre- consolidated spunbonded web, composite nonwoven omprising said pre- consolidated spunbonded web, method and continuous system for producing said composite , European Patent EP 1,961,849 A1 , 2008-Aug-27. Boscolo , G. (Matkowska) ( 2008 ), Hydroentangled composite nonwoven comprising spunbonded layer and an absorbent pulp layer, method and continuous system for producing said composite , European Patent Application 1961850 A1 , 2008-Aug-27. Boscolo , G. and Maltese , A. (Albis Spa) ( 2009 ), Elastic spunbond nonwoven and composite nonwoven comprising the same , US Patent 0264038 A1 , 2009-Oct-22. Brock , R. J. and Meitner , G. H. (Kimberly-Clark Corporation) ( 1977 ), Nonwoven thermoplastic fabric , US Patent 4041203 , 1977-Aug-09. Collins , L. M. (American Nonwovens Corporation) ( 1995 ), Composite nonwoven fabric and method , US Patent 5,475,903 , 1995-Dec-19. Crainic , S. (Polymer Group Inc.) ( 2005 ), High bulk nonwoven composite , US Patent 0170728 A1 , 2005-Aug-05. Damaghi , R. , Child , W. , and Duane , L. E. (Nutek Disposables Inc.) ( 2010 ), Composite wipe , WO Patent 028238 A1 , 2010-Mar-11. Das , D. , Pradhan , A. K. , Chattopadhyay , R. and Singh , S. N. ( 2012 ), Composite nonwovens , Textile Progress , 44 ( 1 ), 1 – 84 . Doherty , J. P. (Lydall Inc.) ( 2003 ), Air- laid/wet- laid gas fi ltration media , US Patent 6,579,350 B2 , 2003-Jun-17. Ducker , P. M. and Rangachari , K. (Rayonier Products and Financial Services Company) ( 2005 ), Composite absorbent structures with nonwoven substrates with improved lamination integrity , US Patent 0118916 , 2005-Jun-02. Duello , L. E. , Peart , C. B. , Lemaster , H. S. , and Lemaster , D. E. ( 2010 ), Multilayer composite nonwoven material, a fl uid fi lter and a method of making the nonwoven material , US Patent 0006498 A1 , 2010-Jan-14. Duncan , G. K. , Meierhoefer , A. W. , and Volpe , A. ( 2003 ), Composite nonwoven fabric and process for its manufacture , US Patent 0211800 A1 , 2003-Nov-13. Everhart , C. H. , Fischer , D. O. , and Radwanski , F. R. (Kimberly Clark Corporation) ( 1994 ), High pulp content composite nonwoven fabric , US Patent 5,284,703 , 1994-Feb-08. Ferencz , R. L. (Polymer Group Inc.) ( 2002 ), Fine denier spunbond process and products thereof , US Patent 29146 A1 , 2002-Apr-11. Ferreira , R. B. and Rieger , J. A. (Ahlstorm Windsor Locks LLC) ( 2004 ), Wet- laid nonwoven web from unpulped natural fi bres and composite containing same , US Patent 6,762,138 B2 , 2004-Jul-13. Gensheimer , M. , Brandis-Heep , A. , Agarwal , S. , Thauer , R. K. , and Greiner , A. ( 2011 ), Polymer/bacteria composite nanofi bre nonwovens by electrospinning of living bacteria protected by hydrogel microparticlres , Macromolecular Bioscience , 11 : 333 – 337
18 Composite Nonwoven Materials Gessner,S.L.and Trimble,L.E.(Fibreweb North America,Inc.)(1998),Composite nomwoven fabrics,US Patent 5733822,1998-Mar-31. Griesbach,H.L.,Creagan,C.C.,and Gwaltney,S.W.(Kimberly Clark Corporation) (1996),Knit-like nomwoven composite fabric,US Patent 5,587,225,1996-Dec-24. Holliday,T.M.(1990),'Composite and laminate nonwovens the definitions',T4PPI Proceedings 1990 Nomwoven Conference,TAPPI,USA,15-17. Homonoff,E.C.,Meierhoefer,A.W.,and Flint,L.B.(The Dexter Corporation)(1992), Hydroentangled spunbonded composite fabric and process,US Patent 5,151,320, 1992-Sep-29. Howey,J.A.and Martin,T.A.(International Paper Company)(1996),Multi-layered diskette liner,US Patent 17726,1996-Jun-13. Hutten,I.M.(2007),Handbook of Nomoven Filter Media,The Netherlands,Elsevier, 24-27 INDA/EDANA (2005)Standard Test Methods for the Nomwovens Industry,Brussels, North American Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry/European Disposables and Nonwovens Association. Jeamber,P.(Ahlstorm Corporation)(2009),Process for manufacturing a composite nonwoven and installation for carrying out the process,US Patent 7,484,276B2, 2009-Feb-03. Jones,D.C.and Lim,H.S.(2010),Composite filter media,US Patent 0024370 A1,2010- Feb-04. Kalayci,V.E.,Gogins,M.A.,Graham,K.M.,Hebert,M.J.,Axtell,H.C.,Klem,S.M., and Smith,R.J.(Donaldson Company Inc.)(2008),High durability composite fabric, W0 Patent118955A1,2008-0ct-02. Koczab,J.-P.(Avgol Ltd.)(2001),Composite nomwoven material fabrication.process.and application to absorbent hygiene articles,US Patent 6,204,210 B1,2001-Mar-20. Koslowski,H.J.(1998),Dictionary of Man-made Fibres,Frankfurt am Main,International Business Press Publishers. Kumehara,H.(2003),Composite nomvoven fabric having high strength and superior printability and fabrication method of the same,US Patent 0045196 A1,2003-Mar-06. Langley,J.D.(1989),Composite chemical barrier fabric,US Patent 4,833,010, 1989-Mav-23. Liu,Y.,Wu,N.,Wei,Q.Cai,Y.,and Wei,A.(2008),Wetting behavior of electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol)composite nonwovens,Journal of Applied Polymer Science,110:3172-3177. Manning,J.H.(James River Corporation of Virginia)(1993),Wetlaid bicomponent web reinforcement of air-laid nomwovens,US Patent 5,246,772,1993-Sep-21. Mark,H.F.(1970),Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science and Technology,Volume 12,John Wiley Sons Inc.,USA,1. McIntyre Karen,(2008),Many shapes and forms:no matter how you define it,composite technology is allowing nonwovens to penetrate new markets,Nomwovens Industry, 3912),32-35. McIntyre,J.E.and Daniels,P.N.(1995),Textile Terms and Definitions,The Textile Institute,UK,72. Nakamae,K.and Shima,T.(1984),Multilayer composite sheet useful as a substrate for artificial leather.US Patent 4.426.421.1984-Jan-17. Neely,W.G.Jr.and Oran,G.(1995),Recyclable bale wrap made from a thermally bonded needlepunched polyester nomwoven,US Patent 5,380,582,1995-Jan-10
18 Composite Nonwoven Materials Gessner , S. L. and Trimble , L. E. (Fibreweb North America, Inc.) ( 1998 ), Composite nonwoven fabrics , US Patent 5733822 , 1998-Mar-31. Griesbach , H. L. , Creagan , C. C. , and Gwaltney , S. W. (Kimberly Clark Corporation) ( 1996 ), Knit- like nonwoven composite fabric , US Patent 5,587,225 , 1996-Dec-24. Holliday , T. M. ( 1990 ), ‘ Composite and laminate nonwovens the defi nitions ’, TAPPI Proceedings 1990 Nonwoven Conference , TAPPI , USA , 15 – 17 . Homonoff , E. C. , Meierhoefer , A. W. , and Flint , L. B. (The Dexter Corporation) ( 1992 ), Hydroentangled spunbonded composite fabric and process , US Patent 5,151,320 , 1992-Sep-29. Howey , J. A. and Martin , T. A. (International Paper Company) ( 1996 ), Multi- layered diskette liner , US Patent 17726 , 1996-Jun-13. Hutten , I. M. ( 2007 ), Handbook of Nonwoven Filter Media , The Netherlands , Elsevier , 24 – 27 . INDA/EDANA ( 2005 ) Standard Test Methods for the Nonwovens Industry , Brussels , North American Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry/European Disposables and Nonwovens Association . Jeamber , P. (Ahlstorm Corporation) ( 2009 ), Process for manufacturing a composite nonwoven and installation for carrying out the process , US Patent 7,484,276B2 , 2009-Feb-03. Jones , D. C. and Lim , H. S. ( 2010 ), Composite fi lter media , US Patent 0024370 A1 , 2010- Feb-04. Kalayci , V. E. , Gogins , M. A. , Graham , K. M. , Hebert , M. J. , Axtell , H. C. , Klem , S. M. , and Smith , R. J. (Donaldson Company Inc.) ( 2008 ), High durability composite fabric , WO Patent 118955 A1 , 2008-Oct-02. Koczab , J.-P. (Avgol Ltd.) ( 2001 ), Composite nonwoven material fabrication, process, and application to absorbent hygiene articles , US Patent 6,204,210 B1 , 2001-Mar-20. Koslowski , H. J. ( 1998 ), Dictionary of Man- made Fibres , Frankfurt am Main , International Business Press Publishers . Kumehara , H. ( 2003 ), Composite nonwoven fabric having high strength and superior printability and fabrication method of the same , US Patent 0045196 A1 , 2003-Mar-06. Langley , J. D. ( 1989 ), Composite chemical barrier fabric , US Patent 4,833,010 , 1989-May-23. Liu , Y. , Wu , N. , Wei , Q. Cai , Y. , and Wei , A. ( 2008 ), Wetting behavior of electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite nonwovens , Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 110 : 3172 – 3177 . Manning , J. H. (James River Corporation of Virginia) ( 1993 ), Wetlaid bicomponent web reinforcement of air- laid nonwovens , US Patent 5,246,772 , 1993-Sep-21. Mark , H. F. ( 1970 ), Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science and Technology , Volume 12 , John Wiley & Sons Inc. , USA , 1 . McIntyre Karen , ( 2008 ), Many shapes and forms: no matter how you defi ne it, composite technology is allowing nonwovens to penetrate new markets , Nonwovens Industry , 39 ( 12 ), 32 – 35 . McIntyre , J. E. and Daniels , P. N. ( 1995 ), Textile Terms and Defi nitions , The Textile Institute , UK , 72 . Nakamae , K. and Shima , T. ( 1984 ), Multilayer composite sheet useful as a substrate for artifi cial leather , US Patent 4,426,421 , 1984 - Jan - 17 . Neely , W. G. Jr. and Oran , G. ( 1995 ), Recyclable bale wrap made from a thermally bonded needlepunched polyester nonwoven , US Patent 5,380,582 , 1995 - Jan - 10
Introduction to composite nonwovens 19 Newkirk,D.D.,Thomason,M.M.,and Gillespie,J.D.(BBA Nonwovens Simpsonville Inc.)(2002),Nomwoven fabric with areas of different basis weight,US Patent 098653 A1,2002-Dec-12. Nowicka,C.(2003)'Composite nonwovens:The bonding durability of sorbent particles', Fibres Textiles in Eastern Europe,11,46-49. O'Dell,H.(2009),Nonwovens markets expand to meet consumers'demands,Speciality Fabrics Review,April. Orlandi,V.(Fleissner GmbH Co.)(2005),Method and device for producing composite nonwovens by means ofhydrodynamic needling,US Patent 6,842,953 B2,2005-Jun-18. Parikh,D.V.,Bresse,R.R.,Crook,L.,Muenstermann,U.,Watzl,A.,and Gillespe,D. (2006)Spunlaced cotton and cotton blend cosmetic pads and bed sheets:Study of fibre entanglement,Journal of Engineered Fibres and Fabrics,1:47-61. Paul,S.P.and Kumar,V.(1995),Composite fabrics of nomwoven nylon layers and fiberglass scrim,US Patent 5,470,648,1995-Nov-28. Prodoehl,M.S.,Douglas,B.D.,Brown,J.L.,Zink,R.J.,Blanton,L.C.,Ostendorf,W. W.,and Dugas,M.B.(2006),Multilayer scrub pad,US Patent 6,993,805 B2, 2006-Feb-07. Qian,C.(2007),Development of a new non-woven composite and its properties,Textile Research Journal,77:397-402. Quantrille,T.E.and Zimmerman,G.S.Jr.(Fiberweb North America Inc.)(1995), Composite nomvoven fabrics,US Patent 5,393,599,1995-Feb-28. Rudisill,E.N.,Bansal,V.,and Davis,M.C.(E I Du Pont Nemours and Company)(2003), Multiple component spunbond web and laminates thereof,US Patent 0003826 Al, 2003-Jan-02 Russel,S.J.(2007),Handbook of Nonwovens,Cambridge,Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Smithies,A.,Clements,J.T.,Mei,J.,Lim,H.S.,and Jones,D.C.(2008),Composite filter media and methods of manufacture,US Patent 0217241 A1,2008-Sep-11. Smithies,A.,Devine,R.H.,and Clements,J.T.(BHA Group Inc.)(2010),HEP4 (H-10) performance synthetic nonwoven and nanofibre composite filter media,US Patent 0218471,2010-Sep-02. Stralin,A.,Bemm,C.,and Strandqvist,M.(SCA Hygiene Products AB)(2011), Hydroentangled integrated composite nomwoven material,US Patent 7,998,889 B2, 2011-Aug-06. Strangvist,M.,Stralin,A.,Fingal,L.and Ahoniemi,H.(SCA Hygiene Products AB) (2005),A hydroentangled nomwoven material,WO Patent 042819,2005-May-12. Tai,J.C.(Kang Na Hsiung Enterprise Co.)(2001),Process for producing carded and air-laid nomwoven composite fabric,US Patent 6,273,978 B1,2001-Aug-14. Vuillaume,A.and Noelle,F.(Rieter Perfojet)(2007),Method for producing a complex nonwoven fabric and resulting novel fabric,US Patent 7,290,314 B2,2007-Nov-06. Welchel,D.N.,Kepner,E.S.,and Leach,C.S.(Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc.)(2000), Hydroentangled nomovens composites,US Patent 6,022,818,2000-Feb-08. Wuagneux,E.(2006),High-tech hybrids,Nomovens Industry,August 17.Available at http://www.nonwovens-industry.com/issues/2006-08/view_features/high-tech-hybrids/, accessed on 19 April 2012
Introduction to composite nonwovens 19 Newkirk , D. D. , Thomason , M. M. , and Gillespie , J. D. (BBA Nonwovens Simpsonville Inc.) ( 2002 ), Nonwoven fabric with areas of different basis weight , US Patent 098653 A1 , 2002-Dec-12. Nowicka , C. ( 2003 ) ‘ Composite nonwovens: The bonding durability of sorbent particles ’, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 11 , 46 – 49 . O’Dell , H. ( 2009 ), Nonwovens markets expand to meet consumers’ demands , Speciality Fabrics Review , April . Orlandi , V. (Fleissner GmbH & Co.) ( 2005 ), Method and device for producing composite nonwovens by means of hydrodynamic needling , US Patent 6,842,953 B2 , 2005-Jun-18. Parikh , D. V. , Bresse , R. R. , Crook , L. , Muenstermann , U. , Watzl , A. , and Gillespe , D. ( 2006 ) Spunlaced cotton and cotton blend cosmetic pads and bed sheets: Study of fi bre entanglement , Journal of Engineered Fibres and Fabrics , 1 : 47 – 61 . Paul , S. P. and Kumar , V. ( 1995 ), Composite fabrics of nonwoven nylon layers and fi berglass scrim , US Patent 5,470,648 , 1995 - Nov - 28 . Prodoehl , M. S. , Douglas , B. D. , Brown , J. L. , Zink , R. J. , Blanton , L. C. , Ostendorf , W. W. , and Dugas , M. B. ( 2006 ), Multilayer scrub pad , US Patent 6,993,805 B2 , 2006 - Feb - 07 . Qian , C. ( 2007 ), Development of a new non- woven composite and its properties , Textile Research Journal , 77 : 397 – 402 . Quantrille , T. E. and Zimmerman , G. S. Jr. (Fiberweb North America Inc.) ( 1995 ), Composite nonwoven fabrics , US Patent 5,393,599 , 1995 - Feb - 28 . Rudisill , E. N. , Bansal , V. , and Davis , M. C. (E I Du Pont Nemours and Company) ( 2003 ), Multiple component spunbond web and laminates thereof , US Patent 0003826 A1 , 2003 - Jan - 02 . Russel , S. J. ( 2007 ), Handbook of Nonwovens , Cambridge , Woodhead Publishing Ltd . Smithies , A. , Clements , J. T. , Mei , J. , Lim , H. S. , and Jones , D. C. ( 2008 ), Composite fi lter media and methods of manufacture , US Patent 0217241 A1 , 2008 - Sep - 11 . Smithies , A. , Devine , R. H. , and Clements , J. T. (BHA Group Inc.) ( 2010 ), HEPA (H-10) performance synthetic nonwoven and nanofi bre composite fi lter media , US Patent 0218471 , 2010 - Sep - 02 . Stralin , A. , Bemm , C. , and Strandqvist , M. (SCA Hygiene Products AB) ( 2011 ), Hydroentangled integrated composite nonwoven material , US Patent 7,998,889 B2 , 2011 - Aug - 06 . Stranqvist , M. , Strålin , A. , Fingal , L. and Ahoniemi , H. (SCA Hygiene Products AB) ( 2005 ), A hydroentangled nonwoven material , WO Patent 042819 , 2005 - May - 12 . Tai , J. C. (Kang Na Hsiung Enterprise Co.) ( 2001 ), Process for producing carded and air- laid nonwoven composite fabric , US Patent 6,273,978 B1 , 2001 - Aug - 14 . Vuillaume , A. and Noelle , F. (Rieter Perfojet) ( 2007 ), Method for producing a complex nonwoven fabric and resulting novel fabric , US Patent 7,290,314 B2 , 2007 - Nov - 06 . Welchel , D. N. , Kepner , E. S. , and Leach , C. S. (Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc.) ( 2000 ), Hydroentangled nonwovens composites , US Patent 6,022,818 , 2000 - Feb - 08 . Wuagneux , E. ( 2006 ), High- tech hybrids , Nonwovens Industry , August 17 . Available at http://www.nonwovens- industry.com/issues/2006–08/view_features/high- tech-hybrids/ , accessed on 19 April 2012