由操作系统管理的主要资源 Computer System 1O Devices OS Memory 1/O Controller 内核 Software IO Controller Programs and Data 1/0 Controller OS Processor Processor Programs Data Figure 2.2 The Operating System as Resource Manager
由操作系统管理的主要资源 OS 内核 OS
ease of evolution of an O perating system 操作系统能够不断发展,其原因: 1.硬件升级和新型硬件的出现:OS都应能适应。 2.新的服务:为适应用户的要求或系统管理员 的需要,需要扩展操作系统以提供新的服务。 3.纠正错误:任何一个操作系统都有错误,在 使用一段时间后发现了错误就需要进行纠错。 当然,纠错本身可能会产生新的错误
Ease of Evolution of an Operating System • 操作系统能够不断发展,其原因: 1. 硬件升级和新型硬件的出现:OS都应能适应。 2. 新的服务:为适应用户的要求或系统管理员 的需要,需要扩展操作系统以提供新的服务。 3. 纠正错误:任何一个操作系统都有错误,在 使用一段时间后发现了错误就需要进行纠错。 当然,纠错本身可能会产生新的错误
2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF OPERATION SYSTEM 了解操作系统的发展历史,有助于理解 操作系统的关键性设计需求,也有助于 理解现代操作系统基本特征的意义
2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF OPERATION SYSTEM • 了解操作系统的发展历史,有助于理解 操作系统的关键性设计需求,也有助于 理解现代操作系统基本特征的意义
Serial Processing (串行处理或称人工操作) ° No operating system a single program called a job These machines were run from a console consisting of display lights toggle switches, input device and printer These early systems presented two main problems:
Serial Processing (串行处理或称人工操作) • No operating system。 • A single program called a job。 • These Machines were run from a console, consisting of display lights 、toggle switches、 input device and printer。 • These early systems presented two main problems:
1. Scheduling:由人工预约时间存在不准 确性,浪费时间。(因当时的机器昂贵) 2. Setup time ①运行前的准备: included loading the compiler, source program, saving compiled program (object program) and loading and linking together the object program and common function ②出错从头来
1. Scheduling:由人工预约时间存在不准 确性,浪费时间。(因当时的机器昂贵) 2.Setup time: ①运行前的准备:included loading the compiler、 source program, saving compiled program(object program), and loading and linking together the object program and common function。 ②出错从头来