In Al, however, your main problem is likely information, not too few. How do you find the information you need without wading through fifteen popular articles and web pages that all say the same thing? The key is to distinguish between 1. Books and articles that report original research(e. g, articles in Artifi cial Intelligence and Journal of the ACM), along with articles of this type published by researchers on their web pages; 2. Books and articles that survey research from a scholarly point of view (e. g, articles in AI Magazine and Scientific American ); 3. Popular accounts designed for audiences other than working researchers (e. g, articles in PC World, Popular Science, and hobbyist web pages) As far as possible, use(1)and(2); that is, use researchers'own accounts of their work. a type(3)source is acceptable if it is actually the only place an important piece of information is available 7 How to cite sources Your paper will consist of: · The text, with references such as“( Chomsky1957:192)” marking the informatic A reference list or bibliography at the end In the sciences, we normally do not use footnotes for citations. Nor do we Ise Latin abbreviations such as ibid. or op. cit Cite sources by author, date, and, where applicable, page number. Give the page number if you are quoting exact words or referring to a specific page leave it out Put the date and page number in parentheses. The authors name or may not be in parentheses depending on whether it forms part of sentence. Examples 6
In AI, however, your main problem is likely to be too many sources of information, not too few. How do you find the information you need without wading through fifteen popular articles and web pages that all say the same thing? The key is to distinguish between: 1. Books and articles that report original research (e.g., articles in Artifi- cial Intelligence and Journal of the ACM ), along with articles of this type published by researchers on their web pages; 2. Books and articles that survey research from a scholarly point of view (e.g., articles in AI Magazine and Scientific American); 3. Popular accounts designed for audiences other than working researchers (e.g., articles in PC World, Popular Science, and hobbyist web pages). As far as possible, use (1) and (2); that is, use researchers’ own accounts of their work. A type (3) source is acceptable if it is actually the only place an important piece of information is available. 7 How to cite sources Your paper will consist of: • The text, with references such as “(Chomsky 1957:192)” marking the information you have obtained from others; • A reference list or bibliography at the end. In the sciences, we normally do not use footnotes for citations. Nor do we use Latin abbreviations such as ibid. or op. cit.. Cite sources by author, date, and, where applicable, page number. Give the page number if you are quoting exact words or referring to a specific page; otherwise leave it out. Put the date and page number in parentheses. The author’s name may or may not be in parentheses depending on whether it forms part of the sentence. Examples: 6
Chomsky(1957: 23) showed that natural language cannot be gen erated by a finite-state Markov process "Natural language cannot be generated by a finite-state Markov Markov processes are not powerful enough to generate natural language(Chomsky 1957: 23) Some scientists prefer to cite sources by number(1,[2, etc. ) rather than by name and date. I dont like this because it makes it hard to recognize authors. Chomsky is Chomsky wherever you meet him; if he is 24] in one paper and [35 in the next, you may never be aware of his identity The reference list at the end of your paper tells what the names and dates refer to. It lists only the sources that are actually cited in the tert; it is NOT a list of everything you looked at while preparing the paper Here are guidelines for the content of reference lists Everything has an author, date published, and information about where to find it. Even the most unusual sources can be cited if you keep this in mind Authors'names are given as in the original source but with the last first Titles of books(in English) are capitalized like sentences Titles of series and of journals(in English)have every important word capitalized. An"important word"is one that can be spoken with full stress In German, all nouns are capitalized. In most other languages, titles are capitalized like sentences Always give complete numbers(e.g, 401-420, not 401-20) 8 What to cite Cite all ideas or facts that can be obtained from only one source, or that reflect the opinion of one person, whether or not you are quoting the author's exact words. If you quote exact words, use quotation marl
Chomsky (1957:23) showed that natural language cannot be generated by a finite-state Markov process. “Natural language cannot be generated by a finite-state Markov process” (Chomsky 1957:23). Markov processes are not powerful enough to generate natural language (Chomsky 1957:23). Some scientists prefer to cite sources by number ([1], [2], etc.) rather than by name and date. I don’t like this because it makes it hard to recognize authors. Chomsky is Chomsky wherever you meet him; if he is [24] in one paper and [35] in the next, you may never be aware of his identity. The reference list at the end of your paper tells what the names and dates refer to. It lists only the sources that are actually cited in the text; it is NOT a list of everything you looked at while preparing the paper. Here are guidelines for the content of reference lists: • Everything has an author, date published, and information about where to find it. Even the most unusual sources can be cited if you keep this in mind. • Authors’ names are given as in the original source, but with the last name first. • Titles of books (in English) are capitalized like sentences. • Titles of series and of journals (in English) have every important word capitalized. An “important word” is one that can be spoken with full stress. • In German, all nouns are capitalized. In most other languages, titles are capitalized like sentences. • Always give complete numbers (e.g., 401–420, not 401–20). 8 What to cite Cite all ideas or facts that can be obtained from only one source, or that reflect the opinion of one person, whether or not you are quoting the author’s exact words. If you quote exact words, use quotation marks. 7