Chapter Thirty-Three Externalities 外部效应
Chapter Thirty-Three Externalities 外部效应
Structure Definition Consumption externality Production externality The tragedy of commons
Structure Definition Consumption externality Production externality The tragedy of commons
Externalities An externality is a cost or a benefit imposed upon someone by actions taken by others. The cost or benefit is thus generated externally to that somebody. An externally imposed benefit is a positive externality. An externally imposed cost is a negative externality
Externalities An externality is a cost or a benefit imposed upon someone by actions taken by others. The cost or benefit is thus generated externally to that somebody. An externally imposed benefit is a positive externality. An externally imposed cost is a negative externality
Examples of Negative externalities Air pollution. Water pollution Loud parties next door. Traffic congestion Second-hand cigarette smoke
Examples of Negative Externalities Air pollution. Water pollution. Loud parties next door. Traffic congestion. Second-hand cigarette smoke
Examples of positive externalities A well-maintained property next door that raises the market value of your property a pleasant cologne or scent worn by the person seated next to you Improved driving habits that reduce accident risks Education
Examples of Positive Externalities A well-maintained property next door that raises the market value of your property. A pleasant cologne or scent worn by the person seated next to you. Improved driving habits that reduce accident risks. Education