《C++程序设计》课程教学资源（参考资料）C++ Programming ISO/IEC 14882 2003（规范文档）INTERNATIONAL STANDARD（Second edition）.pdf_P11-P15

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) xii © ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved 16.3.4 Rescanning and further replacement...............................................................................................312 16.3.5 Scope of macro definitions .............................................................................................................312 16.4 Line control ........................................................................................................................................314 16.5 Error directive ....................................................................................................................................314 16.6 Pragma directive ................................................................................................................................314 16.7 Null directive .....................................................................................................................................314 16.8 Predefined macro names ....................................................................................................................315 17 Library introduction ..............................................................................................................................317 17.1 Definitions .........................................................................................................................................317 17.1.1 arbitrary-positional stream ..............................................................................................................317 17.1.2 character ..........................................................................................................................................317 17.1.3 character container type ..................................................................................................................317 17.1.4 comparison function .......................................................................................................................317 17.1.5 component.......................................................................................................................................318 17.1.6 default behavior ..............................................................................................................................318 17.1.7 handler function ..............................................................................................................................318 17.1.8 iostream class templates .................................................................................................................318 17.1.9 modifier function ............................................................................................................................318 17.1.10 object state ....................................................................................................................................318 17.1.11 narrow-oriented iostream classes ..................................................................................................318 17.1.12 NTCTS ..........................................................................................................................................318 17.1.13 observer function ..........................................................................................................................318 17.1.14 replacement function.....................................................................................................................318 17.1.15 required behavior ..........................................................................................................................318 17.1.16 repositional stream ........................................................................................................................319 17.1.17 reserved function...........................................................................................................................319 17.1.18 traits class......................................................................................................................................319 17.1.19 wide-oriented iostream classes .....................................................................................................319 17.2 Additional definitions ........................................................................................................................319 17.3 Method of description (Informative) .................................................................................................319 17.3.1 Structure of each subclause.............................................................................................................319 17.3.1.1 Summary ......................................................................................................................................320 17.3.1.2 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................320 17.3.1.3 Specifications ...............................................................................................................................320 17.3.1.4 C Library ......................................................................................................................................321 17.3.2 Other conventions ...........................................................................................................................321 17.3.2.1 Type descriptions .........................................................................................................................321 17.3.2.1.1 Enumerated types......................................................................................................................322 17.3.2.1.2 Bitmask types............................................................................................................................322 17.3.2.1.3 Character sequences ..................................................................................................................323 17.3.2.1.3.1 Byte strings ............................................................................................................................323 17.3.2.1.3.2 Multibyte strings ....................................................................................................................324 17.3.2.1.3.3 Wide-character sequences ......................................................................................................324 17.3.2.2 Functions within classes ..............................................................................................................324 17.3.2.3 Private members ..........................................................................................................................324

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) © ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved xiii 17.4 Library-wide requirements ................................................................................................................324 17.4.1 Library contents and organization ..................................................................................................325 17.4.1.1 Library contents ...........................................................................................................................325 17.4.1.2 Headers ........................................................................................................................................325 17.4.1.3 Freestanding implementations .....................................................................................................326 17.4.2 Using the library .............................................................................................................................326 17.4.2.1 Headers ........................................................................................................................................326 17.4.2.2 Linkage ........................................................................................................................................327 17.4.3 Constraints on programs .................................................................................................................327 17.4.3.1 Reserved names ...........................................................................................................................327 17.4.3.1.1 Macro names .............................................................................................................................327 17.4.3.1.2 Global names ............................................................................................................................327 17.4.3.1.3 External linkage ........................................................................................................................328 17.4.3.1.4 Types.........................................................................................................................................328 17.4.3.2 Headers ........................................................................................................................................328 17.4.3.3 Derived classes ............................................................................................................................328 17.4.3.4 Replacement functions.................................................................................................................328 17.4.3.5 Handler functions.........................................................................................................................329 17.4.3.6 Other functions ............................................................................................................................329 17.4.3.7 Function arguments .....................................................................................................................330 17.4.3.8 Required paragraph ......................................................................................................................330 17.4.4 Conforming implementations .........................................................................................................330 17.4.4.1 Headers ........................................................................................................................................330 17.4.4.2 Restrictions on macro definitions ................................................................................................330 17.4.4.3 Global or non-member functions .................................................................................................330 17.4.4.4 Member functions ........................................................................................................................331 17.4.4.5 Reentrancy ...................................................................................................................................331 17.4.4.6 Protection within classes..............................................................................................................331 17.4.4.7 Derived classes ............................................................................................................................331 17.4.4.8 Restrictions on exception handling ..............................................................................................331 18 Language support library ......................................................................................................................333 18.1 Types..................................................................................................................................................333 18.2 Implementation properties .................................................................................................................334 18.2.1 Numeric limits ................................................................................................................................334 18.2.1.1 Class template numeric_limits ...........................................................................................334 18.2.1.2 numeric_limits members ....................................................................................................335 18.2.1.3 Type float_round_style ...................................................................................................339 18.2.1.4 Type float_denorm_style.................................................................................................340 18.2.1.5 numeric_limits specializations ...........................................................................................340 18.2.2 C Library .........................................................................................................................................341 18.3 Start and termination..........................................................................................................................342 18.4 Dynamic memory management .........................................................................................................343 18.4.1 Storage allocation and deallocation ................................................................................................343 18.4.1.1 Single-object forms ......................................................................................................................343 18.4.1.2 Array forms ..................................................................................................................................345 18.4.1.3 Placement forms ..........................................................................................................................345 18.4.2 Storage allocation errors .................................................................................................................346 18.4.2.1 Class bad_alloc......................................................................................................................346 18.4.2.2 Type new_handler..................................................................................................................347

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) xiv © ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved 18.4.2.3 set_new_handler .................................................................................................................347 18.5 Type identification .............................................................................................................................347 18.5.1 Class type_info.........................................................................................................................347 18.5.2 Class bad_cast ...........................................................................................................................348 18.5.3 Class bad_typeid.......................................................................................................................349 18.6 Exception handling ............................................................................................................................349 18.6.1 Class exception.........................................................................................................................349 18.6.2 Violating exception-specifications..................................................................................................350 18.6.2.1 Class bad_exception ............................................................................................................350 18.6.2.2 Type unexpected_handler.................................................................................................351 18.6.2.3 set_unexpected....................................................................................................................351 18.6.2.4 unexpected .............................................................................................................................351 18.6.3 Abnormal termination .....................................................................................................................351 18.6.3.1 Type terminate_handler ...................................................................................................351 18.6.3.2 set_terminate ......................................................................................................................352 18.6.3.3 terminate................................................................................................................................352 18.6.4 uncaught_exception.............................................................................................................352 18.7 Other runtime support ........................................................................................................................352 19 Diagnostics library ................................................................................................................................355 19.1 Exception classes ...............................................................................................................................355 19.1.1 Class logic_error ....................................................................................................................355 19.1.2 Class domain_error..................................................................................................................356 19.1.3 Class invalid_argument ........................................................................................................356 19.1.4 Class length_error..................................................................................................................356 19.1.5 Class out_of_range..................................................................................................................357 19.1.6 Class runtime_error ...............................................................................................................357 19.1.7 Class range_error ....................................................................................................................357 19.1.8 Class overflow_error.............................................................................................................357 19.1.9 Class underflow_error...........................................................................................................358 19.2 Assertions ..........................................................................................................................................358 19.3 Error numbers ....................................................................................................................................358 20 General utilities library .........................................................................................................................359 20.1 Requirements .....................................................................................................................................359 20.1.1 Equality comparison .......................................................................................................................359 20.1.2 Less than comparison .....................................................................................................................359 20.1.3 Copy construction ...........................................................................................................................360 20.1.4 Default construction........................................................................................................................360 20.1.5 Allocator requirements ...................................................................................................................360 20.2 Utility components.............................................................................................................................363 20.2.1 Operators.........................................................................................................................................364 20.2.2 Pairs ................................................................................................................................................364 20.3 Function objects .................................................................................................................................365 20.3.1 Base.................................................................................................................................................367

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) © ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved xv 20.3.2 Arithmetic operations .....................................................................................................................367 20.3.3 Comparisons ...................................................................................................................................368 20.3.4 Logical operations ..........................................................................................................................369 20.3.5 Negators ..........................................................................................................................................369 20.3.6 Binders ............................................................................................................................................370 20.3.6.1 Class template binder1st .......................................................................................................370 20.3.6.2 bind1st.....................................................................................................................................370 20.3.6.3 Class template binder2nd .......................................................................................................370 20.3.6.4 bind2nd.....................................................................................................................................371 20.3.7 Adaptors for pointers to functions ..................................................................................................371 20.3.8 Adaptors for pointers to members ..................................................................................................372 20.4 Memory..............................................................................................................................................374 20.4.1 The default allocator .......................................................................................................................374 20.4.1.1 allocator members ................................................................................................................375 20.4.1.2 allocator globals ...................................................................................................................376 20.4.2 Raw storage iterator ........................................................................................................................376 20.4.3 Temporary buffers ..........................................................................................................................377 20.4.4 Specialized algorithms ....................................................................................................................377 20.4.4.1 uninitialized_copy..........................................................................................................377 20.4.4.2 uninitialized_fill..........................................................................................................378 20.4.4.3 uninitialized_fill_n .....................................................................................................378 20.4.5 Class template auto_ptr.............................................................................................................378 20.4.5.1 auto_ptr constructors..............................................................................................................379 20.4.5.2 auto_ptr members ..................................................................................................................379 20.4.5.3 auto_ptr conversions ..............................................................................................................380 20.4.6 C Library .........................................................................................................................................380 20.5 Date and time .....................................................................................................................................381 21 Strings library .......................................................................................................................................383 21.1 Character traits ...................................................................................................................................383 21.1.1 Character traits requirements ..........................................................................................................383 21.1.2 traits typedefs ..................................................................................................................................385 21.1.3 char_traits specializations .....................................................................................................385 21.1.3.1 struct char_traits<char>............................................................................................385 21.1.3.2 struct char_traits<wchar_t>.....................................................................................386 21.2 String classes .....................................................................................................................................387 21.3 Class template basic_string......................................................................................................389 21.3.1 basic_string constructors .......................................................................................................393 21.3.2 basic_string iterator support ..................................................................................................396 21.3.3 basic_string capacity .............................................................................................................396 21.3.4 basic_string element access ...................................................................................................398 21.3.5 basic_string modifiers ...........................................................................................................398 21.3.5.1 basic_string::operator+=............................................................................................398 21.3.5.2 basic_string::append .....................................................................................................398 21.3.5.3 basic_string::assign .....................................................................................................399 21.3.5.4 basic_string::insert .....................................................................................................400 21.3.5.5 basic_string::erase........................................................................................................401 21.3.5.6 basic_string::replace...................................................................................................401 21.3.5.7 basic_string::copy ..........................................................................................................402

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) xvi © ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved 21.3.5.8 basic_string::swap..........................................................................................................403 21.3.6 basic_string string operations ................................................................................................403 21.3.6.1 basic_string::find..........................................................................................................403 21.3.6.2 basic_string::rfind........................................................................................................404 21.3.6.3 basic_string::find_first_of.....................................................................................404 21.3.6.4 basic_string::find_last_of.......................................................................................405 21.3.6.5 basic_string::find_first_not_of...........................................................................405 21.3.6.6 basic_string::find_last_not_of .............................................................................406 21.3.6.7 basic_string::substr .....................................................................................................406 21.3.6.8 basic_string::compare...................................................................................................406 21.3.7 basic_string non-member functions ......................................................................................407 21.3.7.1 operator+................................................................................................................................407 21.3.7.2 operator== .............................................................................................................................408 21.3.7.3 operator!= .............................................................................................................................408 21.3.7.4 operator<................................................................................................................................409 21.3.7.5 operator>................................................................................................................................409 21.3.7.6 operator<= .............................................................................................................................409 21.3.7.7 operator>= .............................................................................................................................410 21.3.7.8 swap............................................................................................................................................410 21.3.7.9 Inserters and extractors ................................................................................................................410 21.4 Null-terminated sequence utilities .....................................................................................................411 22 Localization library ...............................................................................................................................415 22.1 Locales ...............................................................................................................................................415 22.1.1 Class locale ................................................................................................................................416 22.1.1.1 locale types .............................................................................................................................418 22.1.1.1.1 Type locale::category...................................................................................................418 22.1.1.1.2 Class locale::facet .........................................................................................................420 22.1.1.1.3 Class locale::id.................................................................................................................420 22.1.1.2 locale constructors and destructor ...........................................................................................421 22.1.1.3 locale members .......................................................................................................................422 22.1.1.4 locale operators .......................................................................................................................422 22.1.1.5 locale static members ..............................................................................................................423 22.1.2 locale globals .............................................................................................................................423 22.1.3 Convenience interfaces ...................................................................................................................423 22.1.3.1 Character classification ................................................................................................................423 22.1.3.2 Character conversions ..................................................................................................................424 22.2 Standard locale categories.............................................................................................................424 22.2.1 The ctype category ......................................................................................................................424 22.2.1.1 Class template ctype.................................................................................................................424 22.2.1.1.1 ctype members .......................................................................................................................425 22.2.1.1.2 ctype virtual functions ...........................................................................................................426 22.2.1.2 Class template ctype_byname................................................................................................427 22.2.1.3 ctype specializations .................................................................................................................428 22.2.1.3.1 ctype<char> destructor .......................................................................................................429 22.2.1.3.2 ctype<char> members ........................................................................................................429 22.2.1.3.3 ctype<char> static members ...............................................................................................430 22.2.1.3.4 ctype<char> virtual functions.............................................................................................430 22.2.1.4 Class ctype_byname<char> .........................................................................................................431 22.2.1.5 Class template codecvt............................................................................................................431 22.2.1.5.1 codecvt members ..................................................................................................................432