11 Alternative models for stem cell development. (A) Invariant asymmetry. A stem cell (S) gives rise by asymmetric division to a progenitor (P) with a more restricted proliferation potential, which differentiates in response to extrinsic cues. The stem cell phenotype is regulated by reciprocal shortand/or long-range signaling (thick colored arrows). (B) Populational asymmetry. Stem cells give rise to daughter cells that can be either stem cells or else progenitors that differentiate along different pathways (1, 2, and 3) depending on the combination of extrinsic factors to which they are exposed. ECM, extracellular matrix
11 Alternative models for stem cell development. (A) Invariant asymmetry. A stem cell (S) gives rise by asymmetric division to a progenitor (P) with a more restricted proliferation potential, which differentiates in response to extrinsic cues. The stem cell phenotype is regulated by reciprocal shortand/or long-range signaling (thick colored arrows). (B) Populational asymmetry. Stem cells give rise to daughter cells that can be either stem cells or else progenitors that differentiate along different pathways (1, 2, and 3) depending on the combination of extrinsic factors to which they are exposed. ECM, extracellular matrix
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14 1981年Evans和Kaufrnan及Martin首次由小鼠中分离得 到鼠的胚胎干细胞。 至今已分离得到的胚胎干细胞物种有: 金黄地鼠(1988)、貂(1993)、猪(1994,1997)、鸡 (1996)、恒河猴(1995)、绒猴(1996)。 分离得到人的胚胎干细胞(1998), 分离得到人的胚胎生殖细胞(1998), 目前不断报道成年组织来源的的干细胞
14 1981年Evans和Kaufrnan及Martin首次由小鼠中分离得 到鼠的胚胎干细胞。 至今已分离得到的胚胎干细胞物种有: 金黄地鼠(1988)、貂(1993)、猪(1994,1997)、鸡 (1996)、恒河猴(1995)、绒猴(1996)。 分离得到人的胚胎干细胞(1998), 分离得到人的胚胎生殖细胞(1998), 目前不断报道成年组织来源的的干细胞
15 二、干细胞的分类 按分化潜能大小来分类: ➢全能干细胞(Totipotent stem cell ): 它具有形成完整个 体的分化潜能。如受精卵,胚胎干细胞。 ➢多能干细胞(pluripotent stem cell),具有分化出多种组 织细胞的潜能,但却失去了发育成完整个体的能力,发育 潜能受到一定的限制。如骨髓多能造血干细胞是典型的例 子,它可分化出至少十二种血细胞 。 ➢专能干细胞(multipotent stem cell),这类干细胞只能向 一种类型或密切相关的两种类型的细胞分化,如上皮组织 基底层干细胞、肌肉中的成肌细胞等
15 二、干细胞的分类 按分化潜能大小来分类: ➢全能干细胞(Totipotent stem cell ): 它具有形成完整个 体的分化潜能。如受精卵,胚胎干细胞。 ➢多能干细胞(pluripotent stem cell),具有分化出多种组 织细胞的潜能,但却失去了发育成完整个体的能力,发育 潜能受到一定的限制。如骨髓多能造血干细胞是典型的例 子,它可分化出至少十二种血细胞 。 ➢专能干细胞(multipotent stem cell),这类干细胞只能向 一种类型或密切相关的两种类型的细胞分化,如上皮组织 基底层干细胞、肌肉中的成肌细胞等