爱我祖国,爱我清华! 练习 、根据词语搭配辨析词义。以常见的形容词good为例 1. good saying名2.言 4. good child孝子 5. good contract有效的合同6. 7. good debt有把握收回的债 8. good eggs新鲜的鸡蛋 9. good eyesight正常的视力 10. good father慈父 11. good features漂亮的相貌 12. good friend挚友 13. good friend益友 14. good idea妙计 15. good investment可靠的投资 od joke有趣的笑话 17. good looks美貌 18. good luck鸿运 19. good manners得体的举止 20. good match佳偶、劲敌 21. good mother良母 22. good neighbor睦邻 23. good reason充足的理由 25. good teacher良师 二、根据上下文翻译 develop一词: 1 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff.(发生故障 2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft.(产生升力) 3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod (发明避雷针) 4 a hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(得出论断) 5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success (提出理论) 6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered.(提高能力) 7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.(培育新品种) 8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. 9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which car rich.(开发资源) 10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit. (w 第三讲直译意译抓住要点 III.直译意译抓住要点 考题实例: Interest in historical me thods has arisen less through external to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themse lves.(1999)
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 6 练习 一、根据词语搭配辨析词义。以常见的形容词 good 为例: 1. good saying 名 2. 言 3. good boy 乖孩子 4. good child 孝子 5. good contract 有效的合同 6. 7. good debt 有把握收回的债 8. good eggs 新鲜的鸡蛋 9. good eyesight 正常的视力 10. good father 慈父 11. good features 漂亮的相貌 12. good friend 挚友 13. good friend 益友 14. good idea 妙计 15. good investment 可靠的投资 16. good joke 有趣的笑话 17. good looks 美貌 18. good luck 鸿运 19. good manners 得体的举止 20. good match 佳偶、劲敌 21. good mother 良母 22. good neighbor 睦邻 23. good reason 充足的理由 24. good soil 肥沃的土地 25. good teacher 良师 26. good wife 贤妻 二、根据上下文翻译 develop 一词: 1 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障) 2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力) 3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning r od. (发明避雷针) 4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(得出论断) 5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (提出理论) 6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力) 7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种) 8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病) 9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.(开发资源) 10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.( 开采矿 床) 第三讲 直译意译 抓住要点 III. 直译意译 抓住要点 考题实例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. (1999)
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 人们关注历史研究的方法,主要是因为史学界内部意见不统一,其次是因为外界怀疑历史是不 是一门学科 直译:历史方法的兴趣产生较少通过外部历史作为知识学科的合法性 I.直译与意译 什么是直译?所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中尽量保持原文的形式一特别指 保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。例如,汉语中的“武装到牙齿”、“鳄鱼的眼汨” “连锁反应”、“双贏”等便是从英语的 be armed to teeth, crocodile‘ s tears, chain reaction以及win-win等词组短语直接翻译过来的,对应了原文的字面意义,保留了原文的生 动形象。再如关于“死”的说法,英汉均有非常丰富的委婉表达方法。对于不同的对象,“死”的 用法也各有讲究,直译较能生动地表现出原文的风格面貌、形象特点: breathe one' s last (断气), see God(见上帝), see one' s ancestors(见祖先), see marx(见马克思), go west(上西天), go to heaven(进天国), kick the bucket(蹬腿儿了)…… 所谓意译,是指译文与原文因表达方式上的差异,不便或无法将原文的思想内容或形象直接表 现出来,需要译者根据原文的意思用自己的话恰如其分地将其译出。这就需要译者付出创造性 的劳动,从整体上把握句子或篇章的内容。例如 1. It rains cats and dogs.大雨如注 2Don' t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心过早。(不必自寻烦恼。) 3. Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌 4. Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是好欺骗的吗? 以上各例,均不宜按原文字面意义直接译出,否则,会令人感到莫名其妙,不知所云 直译与意译是相对的,而不是绝对的。无论直译还是意译,都只能限定在一定的条件和范围 内,根据一定的上下文、具体的文体需要而加以处理,如: Kill two birds with one stone 按直译法,此句可译作“一石二鸟”:按意译法,此句可译作汉语的成语“一箭双雕”,“一举两 得”。不少英语句子根据不同的上下文,既可用直译来翻译,又可用意译来处理。如 5. Every life has its roses and thorns 直译:每个人的一生都既有玫瑰,又有荆棘。 意译:人生总是有苦有乐,甘苦参半。 6. Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft. 直译:把贵重物品放在现眼处,等于是给小偷发请帖 意译:应妥善保管贵重物品,以防被盗 7. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you 直译:礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙 意译:大门把你关在外,礼物送到门自开。(礼是敲门砖。) 8. What the tongue says, the neck pays for 直译:舌头说话,脖子还账 意译:舌头闯祸,脖子遭殃 II.运用直译与意译的要点 无论是直译还是意译,均需以理解原文为前提 直译应当便于理解,切忌望文生义,并非全都按字面译出,譬如, go to bed不能按字面理解 为“去上床”,而是“去睡觉”之意;成语 show sh. the door,不是“把门指给某人看”而是“把某 人撵出门”: talk shop不是“谈商店”而是“说行话”; talk horse不是“谈马”而是“吹牛 bulls eye靶心; tiger cat虎纹猫(豹斑猫) 意译应当注重事实依据,不能无中生有、信口开河,否则就会变成胡译、乱译。在一般的情况 下,应当尽量考虑用直译的方法。在直译无法或不变与表达的情况下,可以考虑用意译来解决 问题。下面是运用意译的一道英译汉试题 考题实例: What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 此题是一个 there is sth. for sb.todo的简单句结构,句中唯一一个生词 identity已作了 注释,应当说是比较容易翻译的。可是,不少考生面对这样一个稍稍改头换面的疑问句却感到 束手无策。从句式结构上看,绝大多数考生译不出原文的疑问口气:词语上更是花样百出:有 人把 barber译作“酒吧侍者”,有人把way译作“路”,有人把 lose professional identity译
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 7 人们关注历史研究的方法,主要是因为史学界内部意见不统一,其次是因为外界怀疑历史是不 是一门学科。 直译:历史方法的兴趣 产生较少 通过外部 历史作为知识学科的合法性 I. 直译与意译 什么是直译?所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中尽量保持原文的形式—特别指 保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。例如,汉语中的“武装到牙齿”、“鳄鱼的眼泪”、 “连锁反应”、“双赢”等 便是从英语的 be armed to teeth, crocodile‘s tears, chain reaction 以及 win-win 等词组短语直接翻译过来的,对应了原文的字面意义,保留了原文的生 动形象。再如关于“死”的说法,英汉均有非常丰富的委婉表达方法。对于不同的对象,“死”的 用法也各有讲究,直译较能生动地表现出原文的风格面貌、形象特点:breathe one’s last (断气),see God(见上帝),see one’s ancestors(见祖先),see Marx (见马克思), go west(上西天),go to heaven(进天国),kick the bucket(蹬腿儿了)…… 所谓意译,是指译文与原文因表达方式上的差异,不便或无法将原文的思想内容或形象直接表 现出来,需要译者根据原文的意思用自己的话恰如其分地将其译出。这就需要译者付出创造性 的劳动,从整体上把握句子或篇章的内容。例如: 1. It rains cats and dogs.大雨如注 2 Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心过早。(不必自寻烦恼。) 3. Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。 4. Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗? 以上各例,均不宜按原文字面意义直接译出,否则,会令人感到莫名其妙,不知所云。 直译与意译是相对的,而不是绝对的。无论直译还是意译,都只能限定在一定的条件和范围 内,根据一定的上下文、具体的文体需要而加以处理,如:Kill two birds with one stone. 按直译法,此句可译作“一石二鸟”;按意译法,此句可译作汉语的成语“一箭双雕”,“一举两 得”。不少英语句子根据不同的上下文,既可用直译来翻译,又可用意译来处理。如: 5.Every life has its roses and thorns. 直译:每个人的一生都既有玫瑰,又有荆棘。 意译:人生总是有苦有乐,甘苦参半。 6. Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft. 直译:把贵重物品放在现眼处,等于是给小偷发请帖。 意译:应妥善保管贵重物品,以防被盗。 7. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you. 直译:礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。 意译:大门把你关在外,礼物送到门自开。(礼是敲门砖。) 8. What the tongue says, the neck pays for. 直译:舌头说话,脖子还账。 意译:舌头闯祸,脖子遭殃。 II. 运用直译与意译的要点 无论是直译还是意译,均需以理解原文为前提。 直译应当便于理解,切忌望文生义,并非全都按字面译出,譬如,go to bed 不能按字面理解 为“去上床”,而是“去睡觉”之意;成语 show sb. the door ,不是“把门指给某人看”而是“把某 人撵出门”;talk shop 不是“谈商店”而是“说行话”;talk horse 不是“谈马”而是“吹牛”; bull‘s eye 靶心; tiger cat 虎纹猫(豹斑猫) 意译应当注重事实依据,不能无中生有、信口开河,否则就会变成胡译、乱译。在一般的情况 下,应当尽量考虑用直译的方法。在直译无法或不变与表达的情况下,可以考虑用意译来解决 问题。下面是运用意译的一道英译汉试题。 考题实例:What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 此题是一个 there is sth. for sb. to do 的简单句结构,句中唯一一个生词 identity 已作了 注释,应当说是比较容易翻译的。可是,不少考生面对这样一个稍稍改头换面的疑问句却感到 束手无策。从句式结构上看,绝大多数考生译不出原文的疑问口气;词语上更是花样百出:有 人把 barber 译作“酒吧侍者”,有人把 way 译作“路”,有人把 lose professional identity 译
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 作“失去教授身份”,更多的人不能根据上下文正确理解 step out of uniform的含义,有译作 走出统一服装”的,有译作“跨出军装”的,有译作“摆脱行业单位”的,等等。 其实,10 se professional identity和 step out of uniform在此处的含义并不难理解,前者 直译为“丧失职业身份”,意译也就是“让人看不出职业身份”后者直译为“从制服中跨出来”意 译也就是“脱下(不穿)制服”。在把握了全句意思的基础上,我们完全可以打破原文结构,用 自己的话意译出此句的准确意思 参考译文:对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说,还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法使人 们看不出他们的职业身份呢? 或:作为护士、警察、理发师或是服务员,还有什么方法比脱下制服更容易掩盖他们的职业身 份呢? 考题实例: There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001) 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超 标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。 (定语从句when一旦) When的不同译法:在以下各例中,when都不宜译作“当”、“当……时候”。 1. We'll go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start 2. I stayed till noon, when I went home 3. When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking. 4. When that man says "To tell the truth", I suspect that hes about to tell a lie 5. Turn off the switch when any thing goes wrong with the machine. 6. Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance. 7. When there is really planned and proportionate development, our national economy will achieve sustained, stable and high-speed growth. 8. When you cross the river you are safe. 9. How can i convince him when he wont listen? 10. He usually walks when he might ride 11. They had only three transistors when they needed five 12. Why are you here when you should be in school? 13. When I am opposed to such actions on general principles, how can I make this case an exception? 14. How could you do it when you knew that this might damage the apparatus? 15. When one is older, one is also more experienced 2.我们6月初要下乡去,那时夏收就要开始了 3.我一直呆到中午,然后就回家了 4.老师离开教室以后,学生们就喧哗起来 5.每当那人开口一句“老实说”,我就怀疑他要撒谎 6.万一机器发生什么故障,就把电门关上。 7.投了保的任何物品,如果在保险期内丢失或损害,保险公司要负责赔偿 8.我国的国民经济只要真正做到有计划、按比例地发展,就能够实现持续、稳定、高速的增 9.你一旦过了河,便安全了。 10.他连听都听不进,我又怎么能说服他呢? 11.虽然有车可乘,他通常总是步行。 12.他们需要5只晶体管,可是只有3只 13.你本该在学校里的,却为何在这里? 我明明在总的原则上反对这类行为,又怎能对此事例外呢 15.既然你知道这样会损坏仪器,怎么还这样干? 16.一个人的经验随年龄的长大而增长 第四讲适当增添清楚明了
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 8 作“失去教授身份”,更多的人不能根据上下文正确理解 step out of uniform 的含义,有译作 “走出统一服装”的,有译作“跨出军装”的,有译作“摆脱行业单位”的,等等。 其实,lose professional identity 和 step out of uniform 在此处的含义并不难理解,前者 直译为“丧失职业身份”,意译也就是“让人看不出职业身份”;后者直译为“从制服中跨出来”意 译也就是“脱下(不穿)制服”。在把握了全句意思的基础上,我们完全可以打破原文结构,用 自己的话意译出此句的准确意思。 参考译文:对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说,还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法使人 们看不出他们的职业身份呢? 或:作为护士、警察、理发师或是服务员,还有什么方法比脱下制服更容易掩盖他们的职业身 份呢? 考题实例:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001) 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超 标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。 (定语从句 when 一旦) When 的不同译法:在以下各例中,when 都不宜译作“当”、“当……时候”。 1. We’ll go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start. 2. I stayed till noon, when I went home. 3. When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking. 4. When that man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that he‘s about to tell a lie. 5. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 6. Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance. 7. When there is really planned and proportionate development , our national economy will achieve sustained, stable and high-speed growth. 8. When you cross the river you are safe. 9. How can I convince him when he won’t listen? 10. He usually walks when he might ride. 11. They had only three transistors when they needed five. 12. Why are you here when you should be in school? 13. When I am opposed to such actions on general principles, how can I make this case an exception? 14. How could you do it when you knew that this might damage the apparatus? 15. When one is older, one is also more experienced. 2. 我们 6 月初要下乡去,那时夏收就要开始了。 3. 我一直呆到中午, 然后就回家了。 4. 老师离开教室以后,学生们就喧哗起来。 5. 每当那人开口一句“老实说”,我就怀疑他要撒谎。 6. 万一机器发生什么故障,就把电门关上。 7. 投了保的任何物品,如果在保险期内丢失或损害,保险公司要负责赔偿。 8. 我国的国民经济只要真正做到有计划、按比例地发展,就能够实现持续、稳定、高速的增 长。 9. 你一旦过了河,便安全了。 10. 他连听都听不进,我又怎么能说服他呢? 11. 虽然有车可乘,他通常总是步行。 12. 他们需要 5 只晶体管,可是只有 3 只。 13. 你本该在学校里的,却为何在这里? 14. 我明明在总的原则上反对这类行为,又怎能对此事例外呢? 15. 既然你知道这样会损坏仪器,怎么还这样干? 16. 一个人的经验随年龄的长大而增长。 第四讲 适当增添 清楚明了
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 适当增添清楚明了 考题实例: Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (2000) 在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家 的协助 般来说,翻译时不应对原文的内容随意增减。不过,由于英汉两种语言文字之间所存在的悬 殊差异,在实际翻译过程中很难做到词字上的完全对应。一般情况是为意义完整而增译,如英 语中某些及物动词用作不及物动词时后面省略了宾语, write,read,wash (1) Mary washes before meals.玛丽饭前洗手。 (2) Mary washes before going to bed.玛丽睡前洗脚 (3) Mary washes after getting up.玛丽起床后洗脸 (4) Mary washes for a living.玛丽靠洗衣度日。 (5) Mary washes in a restaurant.玛丽在饭店洗碗确 考题实例: But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. 此题的主谓结构拉得较远,不少考生难以把握原文的结构,因此翻译也就无从着手。仔细分析 全句,其主结构为系表结构 the fact… 1s a victory,不过本句的难点在于由that引起的同 位语从句的处理,尤其是穿插其间的 as well without government aid as they did with it 这一比较状语从句较为棘手。有人没有理清句子的主从关系,有的将as理解为“因为”;有的将 did直译为“做”,将指代aid的代词it理解为 government:还有人将 in itself这样的强调语 气按字面译作“在它自己”,这样一来译文难免千奇百怪,漏洞百出。尤其是对 as they did with it的翻译,相当多的人不懂得用增减技巧来翻译,直接将did译作“干”、“做”,将it译 作“它”:如果掌握了增减技巧,便可将此句增译为“过去有政府救济时”或“过去依靠政府救济的 情况”;并根据汉语的习惯表达法,将原文中的they省略不译 译文:但在许多人看来,穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己,而且生活得几乎和过去依靠政府救济 时生活得一样好,这件事本身就是一个巨大的胜利 增词法的常用情况 1.增添原文语法所省略的词语 1)Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能,能也可以转化为物质 2)In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后,他还得起草最后公报。 2.增添必要的连接成分增加连词 英语中的并列连词和从属连词大都是以单个单词出现,而汉语中的联合连词和偏正连词大都是 成对出现。因此,在将英语译成汉语时,应将汉语的连词补充完整。如:if…,…如果,…那 么… because因为……,所以; al though虽然…,但是; unless…除非,……否! 1)Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热,就会汽亻 2) However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost 虽然锅炉壳与蒸汽管是严密封闭的,然而还是有一部分热损耗 3)Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it 因为空气具有重量,所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。 3.用增词法表达出原文的复数概念和数量词 英语中没有量词,而汉语表达中的量词却是不可缺少的,如: first thing第一件事;the first oil well第一口油井;等等 1)The mountains began to throw their long blue sha dows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 9 IV. 适当增添 清楚明了 考题实例:Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (2000) 在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家 的协助。 一般来说,翻译时不应对原文的内容随意增减。不过,由于英汉两种语言文字之间所存在的悬 殊差异,在实际翻译过程中很难做到词字上的完全对应。一般情况是为意义完整而增译,如英 语中某些及物动词用作不及物动词时后面省略了宾语,write, read, wash… (1)Mary washes before meals.玛丽饭前洗手。 (2)Mary washes before going to bed.玛丽睡前洗脚。 (3)Mary washes after getting up. 玛丽起床后洗脸。 (4)Mary washes for a living.玛丽靠洗衣度日。 (5)Mary washes in a restaurant.玛丽在饭店洗碗确。 考题实例:But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. 此题的主谓结构拉得较远,不少考生难以把握原文的结构,因此翻译也就无从着手。仔细分析 全句,其主结构为系表结构 the fact… is a victory,不过本句的难点在于由 that 引起的同 位语从句的处理,尤其是穿插其间的 as well without government aid as they did with it 这一比较状语从句较为棘手。有人没有理清句子的主从关系,有的将 as 理解为“因为”;有的将 did 直译为“做”,将指代 aid 的代词 it 理解为 government;还有人将 in itself 这样的强调语 气按字面译作“在它自己”,这样一来译文难免千奇百怪,漏洞百出。尤其是对 as they did with it 的翻译,相当多的人不懂得用增减技巧来翻译,直接将 did 译作“干”、“做”,将 it 译 作“它”;如果掌握了增减技巧,便可将此句增译为“过去有政府救济时”或“过去依靠政府救济的 情况”;并根据汉语的习惯表达法,将原文中的 they 省略不译。 译文:但在许多人看来,穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己,而且生活得几乎和过去依靠政府救济 时生活得一样好,这件事本身就是一个巨大的胜利。 增词法的常用情况 1.增添原文语法所省略的词语 1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能,能也可以转化为物质。 2) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后,他还得起草最后公报。 2. 增添必要的连接成分增加连词 英语中的并列连词和从属连词大都是以单个单词出现,而汉语中的联合连词和偏正连词大都是 成对出现。因此,在将英语译成汉语时,应将汉语的连词补充完整。如:if…,…如果,…那 么…because 因为……,所以; although 虽然…,但是; unless…除非,……否则… 1) Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热,就会汽化。 2) However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost. 虽然锅炉壳与蒸汽管是严密封闭的,然而还是有一部分热损耗。 3) Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因为空气具有重量,所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。 3.用增词法表达出原文的复数概念和数量词 英语中没有量词,而汉语表达中的量词却是不可缺少的,如:first thing 第一件事;the first oil well 第一口油井;等等。 1) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 2) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars 他伸出双腿,露出腿上的道道伤痕 3) Note that the words“ velocity" and“ speed” require explanation. 请注意,“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释 4.用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚 1)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 2) This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers 这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。 3)After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就起飞了 5.增加完善性或概括性的词语 1)Air pressure decreases with altitude 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降 2) According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil 根据科学家们的看法,自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。 3)A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathon 肯尼亚的一位长跑选手赢得了波士顿42公里马拉松赛冠军。 6.重复性增词 1)Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity. 不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑 2)I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble 我曾经遇到的情况要么氧气设备出故障,要么引擎出故障,或两者都出故障 3)A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither 质子带正电,电子带负电,而中子既不带正电,也不带负电。 7.修辞或连贯增词 1) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine 这部打字机真是价廉物美 2)They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals 他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河, 3)A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion 科学家经常设法否定自己的假设,推翻自己的理论,并放弃自己的结论。 第五讲词语省略言简意赅 V.词语省略言简意赅 考题实例: While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modem practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. (1999 几乎每个历史学家对历史都有自己的定义,但现代实践与一种定义最接近,即认为历史就是试 图重现和解释过去的重大事件。 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the big bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. (1998) 巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位 所不可缺少的。 般来说,汉语较英语简练,因此时,许多在原文中必不可少的词语要是原原本本地译成汉 语,就会成为不必要的冗词,译文会显得十分累赘。省略法在英汉翻译中使用得非常广泛,其 主要目的是删去一些可有可无、不符合译文习惯表达法的词语。请看下面一例翻译试题
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 10 2) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿,露出腿上的道道伤痕。 3) Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation. 请注意,“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。 4.用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚 1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 2) This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers. 这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。 3) After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就起飞了。 5.增加完善性或概括性的词语 1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。 2) According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 根据科学家们的看法,自然界要用 500 年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。 3) A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathon. 肯尼亚的一位长跑选手赢得了波士顿 42 公里马拉松赛冠军。 6.重复性增词 1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity. 不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。 2) I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 我曾经遇到的情况要么氧气设备出故障,要么引擎出故障,或两者都出故障。 3) A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither. 质子带正电,电子带负电,而中子既不带正电,也不带负电。 7.修辞或连贯增词 1) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 2) They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals. 他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。 3) A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion. 科学家经常设法否定自己的假设,推翻自己的理论,并放弃自己的结论。 第五讲 词语省略 言简意赅 V. 词语省略 言简意赅 考题实例:While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modem practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. (1999) 几乎每个历史学家对历史都有自己的定义,但现代实践与一种定义最接近,即认为历史就是试 图重现和解释过去的重大事件。 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. (1998) 巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位 所不可缺少的。 一般来说,汉语较英语简练,因此时,许多在原文中必不可少的词语要是原原本本地译成汉 语,就会成为不必要的冗词,译文会显得十分累赘。省略法在英汉翻译中使用得非常广泛,其 主要目的是删去一些可有可无、不符合译文习惯表达法的词语。请看下面一例翻译试题: