2、 Ecology 1)The concept of Ecology What is ecology? Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and the environment Why we must study those relationships? HUmans has been students of ecology as long as we have existed as a species OOur species is rapidly changing earth's environment but we do not fully understand the sequences of these changes For example: increased nitrogen cycling on biosphere. The effect of High CO2 in atmosphere
2、 Ecology 1)、The concept of Ecology What is ecology? Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Why we must study those relationships? Humans has been students of ecology as long as we have existed as a species Our species is rapidly changing earth’s environment, but we do not fully understand the sequences of these changes. For example: increased nitrogen cycling on biosphere. The effect of High CO2 in atmosphere
What an ecologist studies? Study environmental relationships ranging from those of individual organisms to factors influencing global- scale process. Individuals, Population, Interactions, Community, Ecosystem Landscape, Region, Biosphere Individual Ecology The ecology of individuals has been the domain of (Autecology) physiological ecology and behavioral ecology Physiological ecologists have emphasized the evolution of physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms solve problems posed by physical and chemical variation in the environment Behavior ecologists have focused principally on evolution of behaviors that allow animals to survive and reproduce in the face of environmental variation
What an ecologist studies? Study environmental relationships ranging from those of individual organisms to factors influencing globalscale process. Individual Ecology (Autecology) Individuals, Population, Interactions, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Region, Biosphere Physiological ecologists have emphasized the evolution of physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms solve problems posed by physical and chemical variation in the environment. The ecology of individuals has been the domain of physiological ecology and behavioral ecology Behavior ecologists have focused principally on evolution of behaviors that allow animals to survive and reproduce in the face of environmental variation
Population Ecology Centered on the factors influencing population structure and process, where a population is a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a defined area Adaptation Extinction The distribution and abundance of species Population growth and regulation Variation in the reproductive ecology of species The ways how non-biological and biological components of the environment influences these process
Population Ecology Centered on the factors influencing population structure and process, where a population is a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a defined area. Adaptation Extinction The distribution and abundance of species Population growth and regulation Variation in the reproductive ecology of species The ways how non-biological and biological components of the environment influences these process
Interactions The ecological interactions such as predation, parasitism, and competition. Ecologists who study interactions between species have often emphasized the evolutionary effects of the interaction on the species involved. Community and ecosystem Ecology Ecological and ecosystem community have great deal in common, since both are concerned with the factors controlling multispecies. The differences are listed as follows Community ecologists Ecosystem ecologists Study the factors influencing concentrate on the organisms the community and the process inhabiting an area such as energy flow and decomposition
Interactions The ecological interactions such as predation, parasitism, and competition. Ecologists who study interactions between species have often emphasized the evolutionary effects of the interaction on the species involved. Community and ecosystem Ecology Ecological and ecosystem community have great deal in common, since both are concerned with the factors controlling multispecies. The differences are listed as follows: concentrate on the organisms inhabiting an area Community ecologists Study the factors influencing the community and the process such as energy flow and decomposition Ecosystem ecologists
Landscape Ecology Study the exchanges of materials, energy and organisms with other communities and ecosystems Figure 1. contrasts the sharpness of ecotones in landscapes with and without strong human influences
Study the exchanges of materials, energy and organisms with other communities and ecosystems. Landscape Ecology Figure 1. contrasts the sharpness of ecotones in landscapes with and without strong human influences