POLYMER COMPOSITES From Nano- to Macro-Scale
POLYMER COMPOSITES From Nano- to Macro-Scale
POLYMER COMPOSITES From Nano- to Macro-Scale Klaus friedrich Stoyko Fakirov Zhong Zhan ringer
POLYMER COMPOSITES From Nano- to Macro-Scale Klaus Friedrich Stoyko Fakirov Zhong Zhang a - springer
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friedrich. Klaus. 1945. Polymer composites: from nano-to macro-scale/Klaus Friedrich, Stoyko Fakirov, Zhong Zhang Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 10- ISBN10:0-387-26312X(e-book) ISBN13:9780387241760ISBN13:9780387262130 1. Polymeric composites. I. Fakirov, Stoyko Il. Zhang, Zhong, 1968-Ill. Title TA418.96F762005 620.192—dc22 2005050146 Printed on acid-free paper @2005 Springer Science+ Business Media, Inc all rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part wi s, written permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media, Inc, 233 Spring scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to hether or not they are subject to proprietary rights Printed in the United States of America 987654321 SPIN11053842
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friedrich, Klaus, 1945- Polymer composites: from nano-to-macro-scale/Klaus Friedrich, Stoyko Fakirov, Zhong Zhang. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 10: 0-387-24176-0 ISBN 10: 0-387-26312-X (e-book) ISBN 13: 9780387241760 ISBN 13: 9780387262130 1. Polymeric composites. I. Fakirov, Stoyko II. Zhang, Zhong, 1968- III. Title TA418.9.C6F762005 620.1’92—dc22 2005050146 Printed on acid-free paper. ¤ 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 11053842 springeronline.com
Contents Preface Editors biographies XIX Part I Nanocomposites: Structure and properties Chapter 1 Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers: a State 4.1 Comparison of the Multiple-Wall Carbon Nanotubes d o-ootwu of the art review 1 Introduction 2 General Problems in Nanocomposite Technology 3 Experimental 3. 1 Manufacturing of Multiple-Wall Carbon 3.2 Treatment of Carbon Nanotubes 3.3 Matrix Polymers 3.4 Electron Microscopy .5 Dynamic-Mechanical Thermal Analysis 4 Results 4.2 Purification 4.3 CNT/Epoxy Composites: Dis Matrix Bonding, and Functionalization 4.3.1 Dispersion 4.3. 2 Nanotube- Matrix Interactio 4.3.3 Functionalization 4.4 Microscopy 4.4.1 Matrix Bonding to the Nanotubes 4.4.2 Crack Bridging and Telescopic Pull-Outs 4.5 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 4.6 Electrical Properties 011335561824 5 Conclusions 6 Acknowledgements 7 References
Contents Preface Editors Biographies xv xix Part I Nanocomposites: Structure and Properties 1 Chapter 1 Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers: a State of the Art Review 3 1 Introduction 3 2 General Problems in Nanocomposite Technology 4 3 Experimental 6 3.1 Manufacturing of Multiple-Wall Carbon Nanotubes 6 3.2 Treatment of Carbon Nanotubes 7 3.3 Matrix Polymers 7 3.4 Electron Microscopy 7 3.5 Dynamic-Mechanical Thermal Analysis 8 4 Results 8 4.1 Comparison of the Multiple-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Studied 8 4.2 Purification 10 4.3 CNWEpoxy Composites: Dispersion, Matrix Bonding, and Functionalization 11 4.3.1 Dispersion 11 4.3.2 Nanotube-Matrix Interaction 13 4.3.3 Functionalization 13 4.4 Microscopy 15 4.4.1 Matrix Bonding to the Nanotubes 15 4.4.2 Crack Bridging and Telescopic Pull-Outs 16 4.5 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 17 4.6 Electrical Properties 18 5 Conclusions 21 6 Acknowledgements 2 1 7 References 22
Chapter 2 Application of Non-Layered Nanoparticles in Polymer Modification 2 Surface Treatment and Compounding 2.1 Raw Materials 2.2 Regrafting of the Nanoparticles by Irradiation 2.3 Characterization of the Irradiation Products 8 2.4 Preparation of PP-Based Nanocom and Their Characterization 5 Preparation of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites and Their Characterization 3 Thermoplastic Systems 3. 1 Effect of Irradiation Grafting Polymerization 3.2 Tensile Properties 3.3 Fractography Thermosetting Sys 4. 1 Interfacial Interactions in the Composites 4.2 Curing behavi riction and wear Performance 5 Conclusions 42 6 Acknowled 7 References Chapter 3 Reinforcement of Thermosetting Polymers by the Incorporation of Micro-and Nanoparticles 4 1 Introduction 2 Manufacturing of Thermosetting Nanocomposites 3 Properties of Nanocomposites 3. 1 Stress-Strain behavior 3.3 Stiffness-lmpact Energy Relationship 3.4 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 3.5 Wear Performance 4 Acknowledgements 670 5 References Chapter 4 Polyimides Reinforced by a Sol-Gel derived Organosilicon Nanophase: Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationships 1 Nanocomposites Based on Flexible-Chain Polymers 63 2 Nanocomposites Based on Semi-Rigid Chain
vi Contents Chapter 2 Application of Non-Layered Nanoparticles in Polymer Modification 1 Introduction 2 Surface Treatment and Compounding 2.1 Raw Materials 2.2 Pregrafting of the Nanoparticles by Irradiation 2.3 Characterization of the Irradiation Products 2.4 Preparation of PP-Based Nanocomposites and Their Characterization 2.5 Preparation of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites and Their Characterization 3 Thermoplastic Systems 3.1 Effect of Irradiation Grafting Polymerization on the Nanoparticles 3.2 Tensile Properties 3.3 Fractography 4 Thermosetting Systems 4.1 Interfacial Interactions in the Composites 4.2 Curing Behavior 4.3 Friction and Wear Performance 5 Conclusions 6 Acknowledgements 7 References Chapter 3 Reinforcement of Thermosetting Polymers by the Incorporation of Micro- and Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Manufacturing of Thermosetting Nanocomposites 3 Properties of Nanocomposites 3.1 Stress-Strain Behavior 3.2 Impact Behavior 3.3 Stiffness-Impact Energy Relationship 3.4 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 3.5 Wear Performance 4 Acknowledgements 5 References Chapter 4 Polyimides Reinforced by a Sol-Gel Derived Organosilicon Nanophase: Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationships 1 Nanocomposites Based on Flexible-Chain Polymers 2 Nanocomposites Based on Semi-Rigid Chain Polymers (Polyimides)