国家开放大学：2015年春季学期“开放专科”英语专业英语阅读（3）期末试题（7月）.pdf

Part I Questions 1-10 are based on Passage 1.(30 points,3 points each) Passage 1 Searching for Utopia 1 While most of the world seems to be motivated by more money,better televisions, more powerful cars,the highest-tech computers,bigger houses,there are some independent souls who are tired of "the rat-race"that is,the stressful pressures of working hard to get ahead.Since around 1990,there has been a slow but steady rise in "intentional communities" in the U.S.An intentional community is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose.Although quite diverse in philosophy and lifestyle,each of these groups places a high priority on a sense of community,in other words,the feeling of belonging and mutual support.There were 300 intentional communities listed in the 1990 edition of the Intentional Communities Directory;by 1995,this had grown to 600,and it is estimated that there are now several thousand,listed and unlisted,in operation.These communities vary in size,but in the 600 listed communities in 1995,total population, including children,was estimated at 24,000. 2 At first glance,the intentional community movement appears quite diverse.It is multi-generational,i.e.with ages ranging from children to seniors.They may choose to live together on a piece of rural land,in a suburban centre,or in an urban neighbourhood.In some communities,individuals own their own land and house;in others,these things are shared.There is a wide variety of choices regarding standard of living -some embrace voluntary simplicity while others have full access to the products and services of today's society.Even the purposes vary widely.For example,communities have been formed to create great family neighbourhoods,to live ecologically sustainable lifestyles,or simply to live with others who share their values.Some are secular while others are committed to a common religious belief. 3 What unites the intentional community movement is its members'proud rejection of mainstream consumer values.Nearly all communities encourage sharing items members 630

Part 1 Questions 1-10 are based on Passage 1. (30 points, 3 points each) Passage 1 Searching for Utopia 1 While most of the world seems to be motivated by more money , better televisions. more powerful cars, the highest-tech computers, bigger houses, there are some independent souls who are tired of "the rat-race" that is, the stressful pressures of working hard to get ahead. Since around 1990 , there has been a slow but steady rise in "intentional communities" in the U. S. An intentional community is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose. Although quite diverse in philosophy and lifestyle , each of these groups places a high priority on a sense of community, in other words, the feeling of belonging and mutual support. There were 300 intentional communities listed in the 1990 edition of the Intentional Communities Directory; by 1995 , this had grown to 600 , and it is estimated that there are now several thousand , listed and unlisted , in operation. These communities vary in size , but in the 600 listed communities in 1995 , total population , including children , was estimated at 24 ,000. 2 At first glance , the intentional community movement appears quite diverse. It is multi-generational , i. e. with ages ranging from children to seniors. They may choose to live together on a piece of rural land , in a suburban centre , or in an urban neighbourhood. In some communities, individuals own their own land and house; in others, these things are shared. There is a wide variety of choices regarding standard of living - some embrace voluntary simplicity while others have full access to the products and services of today' s society. Even the purposes vary widely. For example , communities have been formed to create great family neighbourhoods, to live ecologically sustainable lifestyles, or simply to live with others who share their values. Some are secular while others are committed to a common religious belief. 3 What unites the intentional community movement is its members' proud rejection of mainstream consumer values. Nearly all communities encourage sharing items members 630

don't need to own privately,for example,washing machines,trucks,swimming pools. Many communities serve as model environmental or teaching centers for sustainable agriculture.For example,"The Farm",a large cooperative community in rural Tennessee does not reject competitive business practices but rather,commits to a vision of environmentally friendly business.Members of "The Farm"work in several small-scale industries including solar electronics,solar car research,and a publishing company for alternative books. 4 An example of an intentional community committed to voluntary simplicity is Vashon Co-Housing Community.Its members choose to live in small unpainted wood houses,shingled with cedar."Uncle Martin"decided to leave New York in 1989 and move his family to the Vashon Co-Housing.He and his family live on little money,don't own a computer,and forbid anything with the Disney label on it.Rather than playing Myst on the computer,the family spends their evening playing old-fashioned card games,or reading. Residents live in separate dwellings but homes are connected by dirt roads,there are 13 acres of communal land,all residents attend bimonthly meetings,and every month there is a work party in which everybody pitches in with outdoor chores. 5 These communities are the newest expression of the 300-year-old American desire to build a non-hierarchical,or equal,community with values uncorrupted by the larger society. It was this desire to form a new,ideal community which brought the Pilgrims to the U.S.in the early 17th century.300 years later,it is still impossible to find a community that has achieved perfection.The problems we see "out there"in the mainstream-greed, dishonesty,egoism,competition,factionalism -all manage to find their way into alternative cultures too.However,intentional communities have a much lower crime rate than their mainstream neighbours,and claim a more caring and satisfying lifestyle.They are committed to ideals of ecology,cooperation,and family,even though they may often fail to reach those ideals perfectly.Their utopian vision provides a challenge to the pace and purpose of modern American society. 631

don' t need to own privately , for example , washing machines, trucks, swimming pools. Many communities serve as model environmental or teaching centers for sustainable agriculture. For example , "The Farm" , a large cooperative community in rural Tennessee does not reject competitive business practices but rather, commits to a vision of environmentally friendly business. Members of "The Farm" work in several small-scale industries including solar electronics, solar car research , and a publishing company for alternative books. 4 An example of an intentional community committed to voluntary simplicity is Vashon Co-Housing Community. Its members choose to live in small unpainted wood houses, shingled with cedar. "Uncle Martin" decided to leave New York in 1989 and move his family to the Vashon Co-Housing. He and his family live on little money , don' t own a computer, and forbid anything with the Disney label on it. Rather than playing Myst on the computer, the family spends their evening playing old-fashioned card games, or reading. Residents live in separate dwellings but homes are connected by dirt roads, there are 13 acres of communal land , all residents attend bimonthly meetings, and every month there is a work party in which everybody pitches in with outdoor chores. 5 These communities are the newest expression of the 300-year-old American desire to build a non-hierarchical , or equal , community with values uncorrupted by the larger society. It was this desire to form a new , ideal community which brought the Pilgrims to the U. S. in the early 17th century. 300 years later, it is still impossible to find a community that has achieved perfection. The problems we see "out there" in the mainstream - greed , dishonesty , egoism , competition , factionalism • all manage to fjnd their way into alternative cultures too. However, intentional communities have a much lower crime rate than their mainstream neighbours, and claim a more caring and satisfying lifestyle. Theyare committed to ideals of ecology , cooperation , and family , even though they may often fail to reach those ideals perfectly. Their utopian vision provides a challenge to the pace and purpose of modern American society. 631

packet of new notebooks.Each week,he and his two older brothers exchange trash for fresh fruit or 2 pounds of protein-rich beans.The program helps the poor.In 1995,the city exchanged nearly 2 million pounds of food,348,000 Easter eggs and 26,000 Christmas cakes for recyclable trash.Hundreds of quilts for the needy were stuffed with crushed styrofoam. Christiano was one of 25,000 poor children who received these supplies.(13) 3 (14)Old worn out equipment was frequently being replaced with new technology and equipment.Like every other city,old,yet usable materials were being dumped around the city of Curitiba.This gave engineers and architects an opportunity to work together to use the materials creatively.Old wooden telephone poles are now reused in office buildings, bridges and public squares.Retired buses have become mobile classrooms for adult education."Virtually everything has more than one use,said Mayor Rafael Greca,whose airy office overlooking a park is made of old poles and glass."It's just a matter of figuring out how to reuse things and then teaching people how to do it. 4 (15)The latest additions are the Lighthouses of Learning,based on the great lighthouse and library in Alexandria.Egypt,one of the ancient world's seven wonders.The first lighthouse was built as an experiment in 1995 to determine exactly who would use it, and the effect it would have on the surrounding neighborhood.Within six months of being opened,it was clear that it was popular.Soon after,a lighthouse was built in each of the city's neighborhoods. 5 (16)"One of the lighthouses is three blocks from my home,so I use it for all my school projects,"said Deucina Costa,a high school senior who stops in every couple of weeks."So do my 10-year-old brother and 12-year-old sister.Mom lets them come because it's safe.Now,the lighthouses have become the focal point of neighborhoods and have cut crime rates.They each cost about $180,000.(17) 6 (18)Unlike other cities where government buildings are located in an often isolated,high rent area,government offices in Curitiba are accessible to everyone on what is known as Citizen Streets.These Citizen Streets are colorful covered avenues of government offices and shops where residents can pay utility bills,get a marriage license,have a haircut, buy groceries or file a police report.And instead of zoning the city into commercial, institutional and leisure facilities as most cities do,Curitiba's planners have merged them all together so that people can use their time effectively at a minimum cost.The Citizen Streets 633

packet of new notebooks. Each week , he and his two older brothers exchange trash for fresh fruit or 2 pounds of protein-rich beans. The program helps the poor. In 1995 , the city exchanged nearly 2 million pounds of food , 348 ,000 Easter eggs and 26 ,000 Christmas cakes for recyclable trash. Hundreds of quilts for the needy were stuffed with crushed styrofoam. Christiano was one of 25 ,000 poor children who received these supplies. (1 3) 3 (1 4) Old worn out equipment was frequently being replaced with new technology and equipment. Like every other city , old , yet usable materials were being dumped around the city of Curitiba. This gave engineers and architects an opportunity to work together to use the materials creatively. Old wooden telephone poles are now reused in office buildings, bridges and public squares. Retired buses have become mobile classrooms for adult education. "Virtually everything has more than one use ," said Mayor Rafael Greca , whose airy office overlooking a park is made of old poles and glass. "It' s j ust a matter of figuring out how to reuse things and then teaching people how to do it. " 4 (1 5) The latest additions are the Lighthouses of Learning , based on the great lighthouse and library in Alexandria. Egypt , one of the ancient world's seven wonders. The first lighthouse was built as an experiment in 1995 to determine exactly who would use it , and the effect it would have on the surrounding neighborhood. Within six months of being opened , it was clear that it was popular. Soon after, a lighthouse was built in each of the city' s neighborhoods. 5 (16) "One of the lighthouses is three blocks from my home , so 1 use it for all my school projects," said Deucina Costa , a high school senior who stops in every couple of weeks. "So do my 10-year-old brother and 12-year-old sister. Mom lets them come because it' s safe. " Now , the lighthouses have become the focal point of neighborhoods and have cut crime rates. They each cost about $ 180 ,000. (1 7) 6 (18) Unlike other cities where government buildings are located in an often isolated , high rent area , government offices in Curitiba are accessible to everyone on what is known as Citizen Streets. These Citizen Streets are colorful covered avenues of government offices and shops where residents can pay utility bills, get a marriage license , have a haircut , buy groceries or file a police report. And instead of zoning the city into commercial , institutional and leisure fa