Thind Edition DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Principles,Algorithms,and Applications John G.Proakis Dimitris G.Manolakis
Digital Signal Processing Principles, Algorithms, and Applications Third Edition John G. Proakis Northeastem University Dimitris G. Manolakis Boston College PRENTICE-HALL INTERNATIONAL, INC
Contents PREFACE x成 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Signals,Systems.and Signal Processing 2 1.1.1 Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing System.4 1.1.2 Advantages of Digital over Analog Signal Processing.5 1.2 Classification of Signals 6 1.2.1 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals.7 1.2.2 Continuous-Time Versus Discrete-Time Signals.8 12.3 Continuous-Valued Versus Discrete-Valued Signals.10 1.2.4 Deterministic Versus Random Signals,11 1.3 The Concept of Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals 14 1.3.]Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals.14 1.3.2 Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals.16 1.3.3 Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials,19 1.4 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion 21 1.4.1 Sampling of Analog Signals.23 1.42 The Sampling Theorem.29 1.43 Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals,33 1.44 Quantization of Sinusoidal Signals.36 14.5 Coding of Quantized Samples.38 1.4.6 Digital-to-Analog Conversion.38 1.4.7 Analysis of Digital Signals and Systems Versus Discrete-Time Signals and Systems,39 1.5 Summary and References 39 Problems 40 印
iv Contents 2 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 43 2.1 Discrete-Time Signals 43 2.1.1 Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals.45 2.1.2 Classification of Discrete-Time Signals,47 2.1.3 Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals,52 2.2 Discrete-Time Systems 56 2.2.1 Input-Output Description of Systems.56 2.2.2 Block Diagram Representation of Discrete-Time Systems.59 2.2.3 Classification of Discrete-Time Systems.62 2.2.4 Interconnection of Discrete-Time Systems.70 2.3 Analysis of Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems 72 2.3.1 Techniques for the Analysis of Linear Systems,72 2.3.2 Resolution of a Discrete-Time Signal into Impulses.74 2.3.3 Response of LTI Systems to Arbitrary Inputs:The Convolution Sum.75 23.4 Properties of Convolution and the Interconnection of LTI Systems,82 23.5 Causal Linear Time-Invariant Systems.86 2.3.6 Stability of Linear Time-Invariant Systems.87 2.3.7 Systems with Finite-Duration and infinite-Duration Impulse Response.90 2.4 Discrete-Time Systems Described by Difference Equations 91 2.4.1 Recursive and Nonrecursive Discrete-Time Systems.92 2.4.2 Linear Time-Invariant Systems Characterized by Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations.95 2.4.3 Solution of Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations.100 2.4.4 The Impulse Response of a Linear Time-Invariant Recursive System.108 2.5 Implementation of Discrete-Time Systems 111 2.5.1 Structures for the Realization of Linear Time-Invariant Systems.111 2.5.2 Recursive and Nonrecursive Realizations of FIR Systems.116 2.6 Correlation of Discrete-Time Signals 118 2.6.1 Crosscorrelation and Autocorrelation Sequences.120 2.6.2 Properties of the Autocorrelation and Crosscorrelation Sequences.122 2.6.3 Correlation of Periodic Sequences.124 2.6.4 Computation of Correlation Sequences.130 2.6.5 Input-Output Correlation Sequences,131 2.7 Summary and References 134 Problems 135
Contents 3 THE Z-TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS OF LTI SYSTEMS 151 3.1 The :-Transform 151 3.1.1 The Direet :-Transform.152 3.1.2 The inverse :-Transform,160 3.2 Properties of the z-Transform 161 3.3 Rational <-Transforms 172 3.3.1 Poles and Zeros,172 3.3.2 Pole Location and Time-Domain Behavior for Causal Signals.178 3.3.3 The System Function of a Linear Time-Invariant System.181 3.4 Inversion of the =-Transform 184 3.4.1 The Inverse :-Transform by Contour Integration.184 3.4.2 The Inverse :-Transform by Power Senes Expansion.186 3.4.3 The Inverse :-Transform by Partial-Fraction Expansion.188 3.44 Decomposition of Rational =-Transforms.195 3.5 The One-sided :-Transform 197 3.5.1 Definition and Properties.197 3.5.2 Solution of Difference Equations.201 3.6 Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems in the :-Domain 203 3.6.I Response of Systems with Rational System Functions.203 3.6.2 Response of Pole-Zero Systems with Nonzero Initial Conditions.204 3.6.3 Transient and Steady-State Responses.206 3.6.4 Causality and Stabilty.208 3.6.5 Pole-Zero Cancellations.210 3.6.6 Multiple-Order Poles and Stabihty.211 3.6.7 The Schur-Cohn Stability Test.213 3.68 Stability of Second-Order Systems.215 3.7 Summary and References 219 Problems 220 4 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 230 4.1 Frequency Analysis of Continuous-Time Signals 230 4.1.1 The Fourier Series for Continuous-Time Periodic Signals.232 4.12 Power Density Spectrum of Periodic Signals.235 4.1.3 The Fourier Transform for Continuous-Time Aperiodic Signals,240 4.1.4 Energy Density Spectrum of Aperiodic Signals.243 4.2 Frequency Analysis of Discrete-Time Signals 247 4.2.1 The Fourier Series for Discrete-Time Periodic Signals.247