sts that the speaker tries to remember the exact number of people C3 Oh suggests that the speaker did not know the precise number but was trying to choose a number that was appropriately correct o Self-repairs: the correction proper(p. 212) o Instant repairs (51%) to The speaker retraces back to a single troublesome word, which is then replaced with the correct word c3 Again left to the same blank crossing point white crossing point
Uh suggests that the speaker tries to remember the exact number of people. Oh suggests that the speaker did not know the precise number but was trying to choose a number that was appropriately correct. ◆ Self-repairs: the correction proper (p.212) ⧫ Instant repairs (51%) The speaker retraces back to a single troublesome word, which is then replaced with the correct word. Again left to the same blank crossing point – white crossing point
Anticipatory retracing(41%) co The speaker retraces back to some point prior to the error cs And left to the purple crossing point-to the red crossing point ◆ Fresh starts(8%0 co The speaker drops the original syntactic structure and just starts over Cs From yellow down to brown -- - 's In sum, speakers repair their utterances in a way that maximizes listeners comprehension
⧫ Anticipatory retracings (41%) The speaker retraces back to some point prior to the error. And left to the purple crossing point – to the red crossing point. ⧫ Fresh starts (8%0 The speaker drops the original syntactic structure and just starts over. From yellow down to brown --- no – that’s red. ◼ In sum, speakers repair their utterances in a way that maximizes listeners’ comprehension
An Integrated Model: Levelt's Speaking Model a Levelt's Speaking Model(1989) Draw heavily on parallel models ◆ Posit incremental processing(递增式处理) rather than strictly serial processing o Incremental processing (o At the same time that we are articulating unitx, we are planning unit x+1 to The units can be: clauses, phrases, words syllables, phonemes Home
An Integrated Model: Levelt’s Speaking Model ◼ Levelt’s Speaking Model (1989): ◆Draw heavily on parallel models. ◆Posit incremental processing (递增式处理) rather than strictly serial processing ⧫Incremental processing At the same time that we are articulating unit x, we are planning unit x+1; The units can be: clauses, phrases, words, syllables, phonemes. Home
A Strictly serial processing to Having stages in lock-step succession message generation--linguistic structure formulation - articulation next message co There would be long silence, followed by fluent speech o But the observations are that our pauses are brief and internal to the sentence
⧫Strictly Serial Processing Having stages in lock-step succession message generation—linguistic structure formulation – articulation --- -- next message There would be long silence, followed by fluent speech. But the observations are that our pauses are brief and internal to the sentence
Conceptualize Discourse model, Message situation knowledge generat encyclopedia, Preverbal message Formulator Parsed speech Grammatical Lexicon Surface comprehension structure system Phonological encoding Phonetic plan Phonetic (internal speech) string Articulator Audition Overt