北京交通大学Electro-chemicalESSTypes业BeijingJiaotong UniversityNickel-CadmiumBatterieshaveanickelelectrode anda cadmiumelectrode inan aqueouspotassium-hydroxideelectrolytePros:-Maturetechnology-Relatively rugged-Higher energy density and bettercycle life than lead-acid batteriesCons-Moreexpensivethanlead-acid16
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries have a nickel electrode and a cadmium electrode in an aqueous potassium-hydroxide electrolyte Pros: –Mature technology –Relatively rugged –Higher energy density and better cycle life than lead-acid batteries Cons – More expensive than lead-acid Electro-chemical ESS Types 16
北京交通大学Electro-chemicalESSTypesBeijing Jiaotong UniversitySodium-sulfur(NaS)batteriesusemoltensodiumandsulfurseparatedbyaceramicelectrolyteBetaAluminaTubePros:-High energy and powerdensity-RelativelyhighefficiencyMoltenSNaCons:Na,Si-RelativelyimmatureNaDis.technologycharge-HightemperatureproducesuniquesafetyissuesSulfurPhoto Courtesy ofNGK500kWNASBESS&NGKHeadOfficeBullding17
Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries use molten sodium and sulfur separated by a ceramic electrolyte 17 Pros: –High energy and power density – Relatively high efficiency Cons: –Relatively immature technology –High temperature produces unique safety issues Electro-chemical ESS Types
北京交通大学Electro-chemicalESSTypesBeijingJiaotong UniversityFlowbatteries useliguid electrolytesElectrolytewith fixed cells to store andElectrolytetanktanklon-selectiveElectroderegeneratepowermembraneSodium PolysulfideSodium Bromidee④Charged:CharePros:2Na2S2Regenerativefuel cellElectrolyteElectrolyte-Energy and power sizing isindependentDischarged:Discharged3NaBrNa2S4-Scalableforlargeapplications- High energy and power densityPumpPumpPowersource/loadCons:- Relatively immature technology-Highmaintenancecosts18
Flow batteries use liquid electrolytes with fixed cells to store and regenerate power Pros: –Energy and power sizing is independent – Scalable for large applications – High energy and power density Cons: – Relatively immature technology – High maintenance costs Electro-chemical ESS Types 18
北京交通大学Electro-chemicalESSTypesBeijingJiaotong UniversityZinc-BromineFlowBatteryThick and Oily BraMembraneZinc DepositatComplexes sinkdownCharged State0UZn+2Charge4BrChargeZn七ZanBrBr-lonlondensitiesdensitiesBrzoZnt2DischargeIncreaseincreaseComplexwithwithDecreasesDischargeDischargewithBr.DischargeDischargeGIneach cell of a ZnBrbattery,two differentelectrolytesflow pastcarbon-plasticcompositeelectrodesintwocompartmentsseparatedbyamicroporous polyolefinmembrane19
In each cell of a ZnBr battery, two different electrolytes flow past carbon-plastic composite electrodes in two compartments separated by a microporous polyolefin membrane. 19 Electro-chemical ESS Types ⚫ Zinc-Bromine Flow Battery
ThermalandMechanical EssPumped hydroelectricstorage-energy is stored in the formof a water reservoir at a higher altitude that is releasedthrough turbines to a lower reservoir and is pumped back upto the higher reservoir during periods of low energy demandupperreservoirmotorlgeneratolowerreservoir口20
20 Thermal and Mechanical ESS Pumped hydroelectric storage – energy is stored in the form of a water reservoir at a higher altitude that is released through turbines to a lower reservoir and is pumped back up to the higher reservoir during periods of low energy demand