京交通大学AwidearrayofstoragetechnologiesBeijing Jiaotong UniversityEnergy-longdischarges(mintohr)SINOHFlowbatteriesPumpedMetal-air·Pumped HydroZnBrPSBVRBhydrobatteriesCAESNaSbatteriesonoCompressedAirHigh-energyompressasupercapacitorssaSrorageEnergyStorageLead-acidbatteriesNickel-cadmiumbatteriesenergy·FlowbatteriesmanagementLithium-ionbatteries·LeadAcidOtheradvancedbatteriespowerquality-AdvancedLead&uninterruptedpower supplynsHigh-powerflywheelsCarbonrra·Lithium-ionnductingnetHigh-powersupercapacitorsSMESC·Flywheels1kw10MW1GW10kw100kw1MW100MW·ElectrochemicalStoragePowerRequirementsCapacitorsPower-shortdischarges(sectomin)11
A wide array of storage technologies Energy –long discharges (min to hr) •Pumped Hydro •CompressedAir Energy Storage •Flow batteries •Lead Acid •Advanced Lead Carbon •Lithium-ion •Flywheels •Electrochemical Capacitors Power – short discharges (sec to min) 11
BatteryBasics>Batteries storeenergy chemicallyandthrough electrochemical reactionsElectronFlowproduceelectricityLoad> The presence of an anode, cathode, andelectrolyte provides the basis for storingenergyandsatisfyingenergyloads> There are a wide range of battery types,oAnionflowporsizes,designs,operating temperatures,controlmechanisms,andchemistriesCationflowElectrolyte>Beyond storing energy, all batteries arenotcreated equal.Source:KamathEPRI ESTechnologyOverview12
Battery Basics ➢Batteries store energy chemically and through electrochemical reactions produce electricity ➢The presence of an anode, cathode, and electrolyte provides the basis for storing energy and satisfying energy loads ➢There are a wide range of battery types, sizes, designs, operating temperatures, control mechanisms, and chemistries ➢Beyond storing energy, all batteries are not created equal. Source: Kamath EPRI ES Technology Overview 12
Electro-chemicalESSTypesPerformancelndexChemicalBatteryBased StorageZnAgZnMnSpecificEnergy [Wh/Kg]Pb-AcidEnvironmental ImpactEnergyDensity[KWh/m3]Li-lonPHSTechnical MaturitySpecificPower/W/Kg]PowerCapitalCosts[S/KW]PowerDensity[KW/m3]EnergyCapital Cost [S/KWh]Efficiency [%]Scale[MW]Lifespan [yr]Self Discharge Rate [%/day]Cycle Life [cycles]13
Electro-chemical ESS Types 13 ⚫ Performance Index
Electro-chemicalESSTypes>The Li-ionbatteryisanadvanced rechargeable batterythat was first commerciallydeveloped by Sony intheearly1990s.Li-ionsareinsertedintoandde-insertedfromthenegative electrode andpositive electrode,respectivelyTypeLMOLFPLNMCLTOLi-s12020070160500Energy density(Wh/kg)Elelyte2002002001000Power density (W/kg)1≥2000≥2500≥2000~100Cycle life (100% DOD)≥10,000~360~360~360~860Cost (USD/kWh)GoodGoodGoodGoodGoodSafetyCommercialDemoR&DMaturityCommercialCommercialMaincharacteristicsofvarioustypesoolecioofLi-ionbatteriesSchematic of Li-ion battery (Source: U.S14Department of Energy, 2007)
14 ➢The Li-ion battery is an advanced rechargeable battery that was first commercially developed by Sony in the early 1990s. Li-ions are inserted into and de-inserted from the negative electrode and positive electrode, respectively, Schematic of Li-ion battery (Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 2007). Type LMO LFP LNMC LTO Li-S Energy density(Wh/kg) 160 120 200 70 500 Power density (W/kg) 200 200 200 1000 - Cycle life (100% DOD) ≥2000 ≥2500 ≥2000 ≥10,000 ~100 Cost (USD/kWh) ~360 ~360 ~360 ~860 - Safety Good Good Good Good Good Maturity Commercial Commercial Commercial Demo R&D Main characteristics of various types of Li-ion batteries Electro-chemical ESS Types
北京交通大学Electro-chemical ESSTypesBeijing Jiaotong UniversityanadeecathodeLead-Acidbatteriesconsistoftwoelectrodes喜-oneleadandonelead-dioxide-immersedPbPboinsulfuricacid.Hso'0DischargePros:process-Maturetechnology-overacenturyoldPb+Sof-→PbSO,+2e-Familiar-the most widely-usedPbO,+SO,+4H+2e+PbSO,+H20electricitystoragesystemonearthLead-AcidStorageCell-ExtremelyinexpensiveCons-Relatively low energy and powerdensities- Poor cycle life-OftenrequiresmaintenanceLead-acid batteriesshouldbeconsideredthedefaultenergytechnologyfor short-duration energy storage systems.15
Lead-Acid batteries consist of two electrodes – one lead and one lead-dioxide – immersed in sulfuric acid. Pros: –Mature technology – over a century old –Familiar – the most widely-used electricity storage system on earth – Extremely inexpensive Cons – Relatively low energy and power densities – Poor cycle life – Often requires maintenance Lead-acid batteries should be considered the default energy technology for shortduration energy storage systems. Electro-chemical ESS Types 15 Discharge process anode cathode