128 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition Prefix Information Option The Prefix Information option is sent in Router Advertisement messages to indicate both address prefixes and information about address autoconfiguration.There can be multiple Pre- fix Information options included in a Router Advertisement message,indicating multiple address prefixes. Figure 6-6 shows the structure of the Prefix Information option. Type =3 Length =4 Prefix Length On-Link Flag Autonomous Flag Router Address Flag Site Prefix Flag Reserved 1 Valid Lifetime Preferred Lifetime Reserved 2 Site Prefix Length Prefix wwwwwwww wwwwwwww Figure 6-6 The structure of the Prefix Information option The fields in the Prefix Information option are as follows: Type The value of this field is 3. Length The value of this field is 4.(The entire option is 32 bytes in length.) Prefix Length The Prefix Length field indicates the number of leading bits in the Prefix field that make up the address prefix.The size of this field is 8 bits.The Prefix Length field has a value from 0 through 128.Because typical prefixes advertised are for subnet identifiers,the Prefix Length field is usually set to 64. On-Link flag The On-Link flag indicates,when set to 1,that the addresses implied by the included prefix are available on the link on which this Router Advertisement mes- sage was received.When this flag is set to 0,it is not assumed that the addresses that match the prefix are available on-link.The size of this field is I bit. Autonomous flag The Autonomous flag indicates,when set to 1,that the included pre- fix is used to create an autonomous(or stateless)address configuration.When this flag is set to 0,the included prefix is not used to create a stateless address configuration.The size of this field is 1 bit Router Address flag The Router Address flag is defined in RFC3775 for Mobile IPv6. For more information,see Appendix F
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Chapter 6 Neighbor Discovery 129 Site Prefix flag The Site Prefix flag indicates,when set to 1,that the site prefix defined by the Prefix field and the Site Prefix Length field be used to update the site prefix table. The site prefix table is maintained by the host and is utilized to prefer the use of site-local addresses when a global address matches a site prefix.This flag is described in the Inter- net draft titled "Site Prefixes in Neighbor Discovery.' Reserved1 The Reservedl field is a 4-bit field reserved for future use and set to 0. Valid Lifetime The Valid Lifetime field indicates the number of seconds that an address,based on the included prefix and using stateless address configuration,remains valid.The size of this field is 32 bits.The Valid Lifetime field also indicates the number of seconds that the included prefix is valid for on-link determination.For an infinite valid lifetime,the Valid Lifetime field is set to OxFFFFFFFF. Preferred Lifetime The Preferred Lifetime field indicates the number of seconds that an address,based on the included prefix and using stateless address autoconfiguration, remains in a preferred state.The size of this field is 32 bits.Stateless autoconfiguration addresses that are still valid are either in a preferred or deprecated state.In the preferred state,the address can be used for unrestricted communication.In the deprecated state, the use of the address is not recommended for new communications.However,existing communications using a deprecated address can continue.An address goes from the preferred state to the deprecated state when its preferred lifetime expires.For an infinite preferred lifetime,the Preferred Lifetime field is set to OxFFFFFFFF. Reserved2 The Reserved2 field is a 24-bit field reserved for future use and set to 0. Site Prefix Length The Site Prefix Length field indicates the number of leading bits in the Prefix field that define a site prefix.The length of this field is 8 bits.This field is sig- nificant only if the Site Prefix flag is set to 1.This field is described in the Internet draft titled "Site Prefixes in Neighbor Discovery.' Prefix The Prefix field indicates the prefix for the IPv6 address derived through state- less autoconfiguration.The size of this field is 128 bits.Bits in the Prefix field-up to a count equaling the value of the Prefix Length field-are significant for creating the prefix The combination of the Prefix Length field and the Prefix field unambiguously defines the prefix which,when combined with the interface identifier for the node,creates an IPv6 address.The link-local prefix should not be sent and is ignored by the receiving host. Network Monitor Capture Here is an example of a Prefix Information option used in a Router Advertisement message as displayed by Network Monitor 3.1(capture 06_02 in the \NetworkMonitorCaptures folder on the companion CD-ROM): Frame: Ethernet:Etype-IPv6 Ipv6:Next Protocol ICMPv6,Payload Length 96 Icmpv6:Router Advertisement MessageType:Router Advertisement,134(0x86)
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130 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition RouterAdvertisement: SourceLinkLayerAddress: Type:Source Link-Layer Address,1(0x1) Length:1,in unit of 8 octets Address:00-B0-D0-23-47-33 MTU: PrefixInformation: PrefixInformation: Type:Prefix Information,3(0x3) Length:4,in unit of 8 octets PrefixLength:64 (0x40) -F1ags:192(0xC0) L:(1.......)On-Link determination allowed A: (.1......)Autonomous address-configuration R: (..0.....)Not router Address S: (...0....)Not a site prefix P: (....0...)Not a router prefix Rsv:(...000) ValidLifetime:4294967295 (0xFFFFFFFF) PreferredLifetime:4294967295 (OxFFFFFFFF) Reserved:0 (0x0) Prefix:FD43:2DA1:3FE9:2:0:0:0:0 Redirected Header Option The Redirected Header option is sent in Redirect messages to specify the IPv6 packet that caused the router to send a Redirect message.It can contain all or part of the redirected IPv6 packet,depending on the size of the IPv6 packet that was initially sent. Figure 6-7 shows the structure of the Redirected Header option Type =4 Length Reserved Portion of Redirected Packet... Figure 6-7 The structure of the Redirected Header option The following list describes the fields in the Redirected Header option: Type The value of this field is 4. Length The value of this field is the number of 8-byte blocks in the entire option. Reserved The Reserved field is a 48-bit field reserved for future use and set to 0. Portion of redirected packet This field contains either the IPv6 packet or a portion of the IPv6 packet that caused the Redirect message to be sent.The amount of the original packet that is included is the leading portion of the packet so that the entire Redirect message is no more than 1280 bytes in length
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Chapter 6 Neighbor Discovery 131 Network Monitor Capture Here is an example of a Redirected Header option used in a Redirect message as displayed by Network Monitor 3.1(capture 06_03 in the \NetworkMonitorCaptures folder on the companion CD-ROM Frame: Ethernet:Etype IPv6 Ipv6:Next Protocol ICMPv6,Payload Length 128 Icmpv6:Redirect,Target -FE80:0:0:0:2B0:DOFF:FE23:4735 MessageType:Redirect,137(0x89) Redirect: Code:0 (0x0) Checksum:31003 (0x791B) Reserved:0 (0x0) TargetAddress:FE80:0:0:0:2BO:DOFF:FE23:4735 DestAddress:2001:DB8:0:0:0:0:0:1 RedirectedHeader: Type:Redirected Header,4(0x4) Length:11,in unit of 8 octets Reserved:0 (0x0) InvokingPacket:Next Protocol ICMPv6,Payload Length 40 Versions:IPv6,Internet Protocol,DSCP 0 Version: (0110............................)IPv6,Internet Protocol, 6(0x6) DSCP: (....000000......................)Differentiated services codepoint 0 ECT: (..........0.....................)ECN-Capable Transport not set CE: (......0............)ECN-CE not set F1 owLabe:(......00000000000000000000)0 PayloadLength:40 (0x28) NextProtocol:ICMPv6,58(0x3a) HopLimit:128 (0x80) SourceAddress:FE80:0:0:0:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8 DestinationAddress:3000:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 OriginalIPPayload:Binary Large Object (40 Bytes) MTU Option The MTU option is sent in Router Advertisement messages to indicate the IPv6 MTU of the link.This option is typically used when the IPv6 MTU for a link is not well known or needs to be set because of a translational or mixed-media bridging configuration.The MTU option overrides the IPv6 MTU reported by the interface hardware. In bridged or Layer-2 switched environments,it is possible to have different link-layer technol- ogies with different link-layer MTUs on the same link.In this case,differences in IPv6 MTUs between nodes on the same link are not detected through Path MTU Discovery.The MTU option is used to indicate the highest IPv6 MTU supported by all link-layer technologies on the link
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132 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition Figure 6-8 shows a switched configuration where the MTU option is used to solve a mixed- media problem. Host A Ethernet Switch IPv6 Router FDDI Ethernet Backbone FDDI Rest of IPv6 Network Ethernet Switch Host B Figure 6-8 A mixed-media configuration Two IPv6 hosts,Host A and Host B,are connected to two different Ethernet (Layer 2)switches using Fiber Distributed Data Interface(FDDI)ports.The two switches are connected by an Ethernet backbone.When Host A and Host B negotiate a TCP connection,each reports a TCP maximum segment size of 4312(the FDDI IPv6 MTU of 4352,minus 40 bytes of the IPv6 header).However,when TCP data on the connection begins to flow,the switches silently dis- card IPv6 packets larger than 1500 bytes that are sent between Host A and Host B. With the MTU option,the IPv6 router for the subnet reports an IPv6 MTU of 1500 in the Router Advertisement message for all hosts on the link.When both Host A and Host B adjust their IPv6 MTU from 4352 to 1500,maximum-sized TCP segments sent between them are not discarded by the intermediate switches. Note FDDI is an older technology whose use has been made obsolete by 100-Mbps Ether- net.This configuration is unlikely to be used on modern networks and serves only as an example of a mixed-media subnet. Figure 6-9 shows the structure of the MTU option. Type =5 Length =1 Reserved Mwwww Figure 6-9 The structure of the MTU option The following list describes the fields in the MTU option: Type The value of this field is 5. Length The value of this field is 1.(There are 8 bytes in the entire option.)
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