anything.Key1.I) thirty-five, natural light, a small window, hot, airless, very noisy2) Mexico3) ought to, shouldn't2.1) Key: It is located in a narrow street with five- and six-storey buildings, eightkilometers from downtown Los Angeles.2)Key: This factory makes shirts and jeans.3) Key: She's already been working for ten hours, but she won't stop for another twohours4) Key: She can't complain about those things because she is an illegal immigrantTipsThis is a description of a typical sweatshop, where people work hard in miserableconditions for very little money. Ask students to take notes when listening to therecording for the first time, and brainstorm on what they have just heard. Draw students'attention to the location of the factory, its environment, and how the women deal withtheir working conditions.Task 4Surveyon social trendsScriptWhen Adrian Hutton and Carla Leone get married they will move into a new housethat they have bought. But what sort of life will they have? What can they expect inmodern Britain? Every year the British government publishes statistics about socialtrends. Their findings show definite patterns in the British way of lifeIn most marriages there are some marked differences between husbands and wives.Working wives,for example,sleeponaverageonehourmore everydaythanworkinghusbands.Housewives,on the other hand, sleep only about three hours more every weekthan their working husbands. And what abouhousework? The government surveyshowed that only1percent ofmen dothehousehold chores-like cleaning and ironing.But they do usually keep household accounts and it is almost always men who do repairsorimprovementsinthehouse.ThirtypercentofallmarriagesendindivorceThe government survey also looked at leisure activities. They found that the twomost popular leisure activities in Britain are watching television (the average familyspends 20 hours a week in front of the TV set) and going for walks. Swimming is anespecially popular activity among British women.Carla and Adrian's life, though, will probably be different from the averagemarriage. In the first place Carla has always kept her own accounts and Adrian hasalways done his own housework. Neither of them like watching television very much andthey both like swimming!Key20
anything. Key 1. 1) thirty-five, natural light, a small window, hot, airless, very noisy 2) Mexico 3) ought to, shouldn’t 2. 1) Key: It is located in a narrow street with five- and six-storey buildings, eight kilometers from downtown Los Angeles. 2) Key: This factory makes shirts and jeans. 3) Key: She’s already been working for ten hours, but she won’t stop for another two hours. 4) Key: She can’t complain about those things because she is an illegal immigrant. Tips This is a description of a typical sweatshop, where people work hard in miserable conditions for very little money. Ask students to take notes when listening to the recording for the first time, and brainstorm on what they have just heard. Draw students’ attention to the location of the factory, its environment, and how the women deal with their working conditions. Task 4 Survey on social trends Script When Adrian Hutton and Carla Leone get married they will move into a new house that they have bought. But what sort of life will they have? What can they expect in modern Britain? Every year the British government publishes statistics about social trends. Their findings show definite patterns in the British way of life. In most marriages there are some marked differences between husbands and wives. Working wives, for example, sleep on average one hour more every day than working husbands. Housewives, on the other hand, sleep only about three hours more every week than their working husbands. And what about housework? The government survey showed that only 1 percent of men do the household chores—like cleaning and ironing. But they do usually keep household accounts and it is almost always men who do repairs or improvements in the house. Thirty percent of all marriages end in divorce. The government survey also looked at leisure activities. They found that the two most popular leisure activities in Britain are watching television (the average family spends 20 hours a week in front of the TV set) and going for walks. Swimming is an especially popular activity among British women. Carla and Adrian’s life, though, will probably be different from the average marriage. In the first place Carla has always kept her own accounts and Adrian has always done his own housework. Neither of them like watching television very much and they both like swimming! Key 20
Every year the British government publishes statistics about social trends, Theirfindings show definite patterns in the British way of lifeI. In most marriages there are some marked differences between husbands and wives.A.Working wives sleep on average one hour more every day than working husbands.Housewives, on the other hand, sleep only about three hours more every week thantheir working husbands.B. Only 1 percent of men do the household choreslike cleaning and ironing. Butthey do usually keep household accounts and it is almost always men who dorepairsorimprovementsinthehouseC.Thirty percent of all marriages end in divorce.II. The two most popular leisure activities in Britain are watching television (the averagefamily spends 20 hours a week in front of the TV set) and going for walks. Swimmingis an especially popular activity among British women.2. Key: Unlike the other couples, Carla has always kept her own accounts and Adrian hasalways done his own housework. Neither of them like watching television very much andthey both likeswimming.TipsBefore playing the recording, ask students to brainstorm what may be covered insurveys on social trends. Topics may include marriage and family, education, leisure,health and well-being,media use, religion, and values. These would prepare students forwhat they are going to hear. Encourage students to take a look at Exercise 1 beforelistening. This exercise will help students grasp the topic sentence first and then sort outthe supporting evidence,Task5GarbagedisposalScriptDisposing of the garbage we produce every day is a major problem in cities aroundthe world. In the United States, over 160 million tons of garbage are produced every yearTen percent is recycled, ten percent is burned, and the rest is put in landfills. But findingland for newlandfills is becoming moredifficult.A city that has solved this problem in an unusual way is Machida, in Tokyo, Japan.Theyhave developed a totally new approach to garbage disposal.The key to theoperation is public cooperation. Families must divide their garbage into six categories:1. garbage that can be easily burned, that is, combustible garbage, such as kitchenand garden trash,2. noncombustible garbage, such as small electrical appliances, plastic tools, andplastic toys:3. products that are poisonous or that cause pollution, such as batteries andfluorescent lights;4. bottles and glass containers that can be recycled;5. metal containers that can be recycled,6. large items, such as furniture and bicycles.21
1. Every year the British government publishes statistics about social trends. Their findings show definite patterns in the British way of life. I. In most marriages there are some marked differences between husbands and wives. A. Working wives sleep on average one hour more every day than working husbands. Housewives, on the other hand, sleep only about three hours more every week than their working husbands. B. Only 1 percent of men do the household chores—like cleaning and ironing. But they do usually keep household accounts and it is almost always men who do repairs or improvements in the house. C. Thirty percent of all marriages end in divorce. II. The two most popular leisure activities in Britain are watching television (the average family spends 20 hours a week in front of the TV set) and going for walks. Swimming is an especially popular activity among British women. 2. Key: Unlike the other couples, Carla has always kept her own accounts and Adrian has always done his own housework. Neither of them like watching television very much and they both like swimming. Tips Before playing the recording, ask students to brainstorm what may be covered in surveys on social trends. Topics may include marriage and family, education, leisure, health and well-being, media use, religion, and values. These would prepare students for what they are going to hear. Encourage students to take a look at Exercise 1 before listening. This exercise will help students grasp the topic sentence first and then sort out the supporting evidence. Task 5 Garbage disposal Script Disposing of the garbage we produce every day is a major problem in cities around the world. In the United States, over 160 million tons of garbage are produced every year. Ten percent is recycled, ten percent is burned, and the rest is put in landfills. But finding land for new landfills is becoming more difficult. A city that has solved this problem in an unusual way is Machida, in Tokyo, Japan. They have developed a totally new approach to garbage disposal. The key to the operation is public cooperation. Families must divide their garbage into six categories: 1. garbage that can be easily burned, that is, combustible garbage, such as kitchen and garden trash; 2. noncombustible garbage, such as small electrical appliances, plastic tools, and plastic toys; 3. products that are poisonous or that cause pollution, such as batteries and fluorescent lights; 4. bottles and glass containers that can be recycled; 5. metal containers that can be recycled; 6. large items, such as furniture and bicycles. 21
The items in categories 1 to 5 are collected on different days. Large items are onlycollected on request. Then the garbage is taken to a center that looks like a clean newoffice building or hospital. Inside the center, special equipment is used to sort and processthegarbage.Almostevervthing canbereused:Garden orkitchentrashbecomesfertilizer:other combustible garbage is burned to produce electricity,metal containers and bottlesare recycled; and old furniture, clothing, and other useful items are cleaned, repaired, andresold cheaply orgivenaway.Thework provides employmentforhandicapped peopleand gives them a chance to learn new skills.Nowadays, officials from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether theycan use some of these ideas and techniques to solve their own garbage disposal problems.Key1Topic:Howa city in Japan solves the problem of garbage disposal.In the United States,over 160 milliontons of garbageare produced everyyear. Ten percent is recycled, ten percent is burned, and the rest is put in landfills.The city of Machida, in Tokyo, Japan has developed a totally new approach to garbagedisposal. The key to the operation is public cooperation. Families must divide theirgarbage into six categories:garbage that can be easily burned/combustible garbage, such as kitchen andgarden trashnoncombustible garbage, such as small electrical appliances, plastic tools,andplastictoysproducts that are poisonous or that cause pollution, such as batteries andfluorescentlights;bottles and glass containers that can be recycled;metal containersthatcanberecycled:large items, such as furniture and bicycles.The items in categories 1 to 5 are collected on different days. Large items are onlycollectedonrequestAlmost everything can be reused: Garden or kitchen trash becomes fertilizer; othercombustible garbage is burned to produce electricity, metal containers and bottlesare recycled; and old furniture, clothing, and other useful items are cleaned, repaired,andresoldcheaplyorgivenaway2.1) Key: The garbage will be taken to a center that looks like a clean new office buildingorhospital.Inside the center,special equipment is used to sort and process the garbage2)Key:Officials from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether they can usesomeoftheseideasandtechniquestosolvetheirowngarbagedisposalproblemsTipsFirst, use Listening aids to prepare students for the topic.Terms such as“garbagedisposal,"“recycle,"“"landfill,"“combustible"and“"noncombustible,"“"pollution,"andfluorescent light cover most of the new words/phrases in this listening task andtherefore understanding them will make listening easier. Although garbage disposal is22
The items in categories 1 to 5 are collected on different days. Large items are only collected on request. Then the garbage is taken to a center that looks like a clean new office building or hospital. Inside the center, special equipment is used to sort and process the garbage. Almost everything can be reused: Garden or kitchen trash becomes fertilizer; other combustible garbage is burned to produce electricity; metal containers and bottles are recycled; and old furniture, clothing, and other useful items are cleaned, repaired, and resold cheaply or given away. The work provides employment for handicapped people and gives them a chance to learn new skills. Nowadays, officials from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether they can use some of these ideas and techniques to solve their own garbage disposal problems. Key 1. Topic: How a city in Japan solves the problem of garbage disposal. In the United States, over 160 million tons of garbage are produced every year. Ten percent is recycled, ten percent is burned, and the rest is put in landfills. The city of Machida, in Tokyo, Japan has developed a totally new approach to garbage disposal. The key to the operation is public cooperation. Families must divide their garbage into six categories: garbage that can be easily burned/combustible garbage, such as kitchen and garden trash; noncombustible garbage, such as small electrical appliances, plastic tools, and plastic toys; products that are poisonous or that cause pollution, such as batteries and fluorescent lights; bottles and glass containers that can be recycled; metal containers that can be recycled; large items, such as furniture and bicycles. The items in categories 1 to 5 are collected on different days. Large items are only collected on request. Almost everything can be reused: Garden or kitchen trash becomes fertilizer; other combustible garbage is burned to produce electricity; metal containers and bottles are recycled; and old furniture, clothing, and other useful items are cleaned, repaired, and resold cheaply or given away. 2. 1) Key: The garbage will be taken to a center that looks like a clean new office building or hospital. Inside the center, special equipment is used to sort and process the garbage. 2) Key: Officials from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether they can use some of these ideas and techniques to solve their own garbage disposal problems. Tips First, use Listening aids to prepare students for the topic. Terms such as “garbage disposal,” “recycle,” “landfill,” “combustible” and “noncombustible,” “pollution,” and “fluorescent light” cover most of the new words/phrases in this listening task and therefore understanding them will make listening easier. Although garbage disposal is 22
closelyrelated to our dailylife,wemayknow little about it.Encourage students to usetheir own words when completing Exercise1 and remind them that they are listeningformeaning rather than words.Task6Costoftraffic jamsScriptJames Hattori, the Host: Hi, everybody. I'm James Hattori. Welcome to ourprogram, this week from the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco's world-famouslandmark,atthemouthoftheGoldenGatestraits.Forty-two million vehicles a year cross this bridge.That gives you an idea of theoften nightmarish traffic drivers face around here. And, of course, we're not alone.Natalie Pawelski,our environmentcorrespondent.has the numbers on whatit costsAmericans to cope with rush hour traffic, in time and money.Natalie Pawelski, the Environment Correspondent: If you think traffic is gettingworse in your town, you're probably right.There's a combination of factors. It's the amount of people and the amount ofavailable road. It's a supply and demand relationship. You can think of it that way, andthere's a lot more demand than there is supply.The annual Urban Mobility Report from the Texas Transportation Institute finds thatin the average American city people traveled 85 percent more miles by car in the year2000 than they did in 1982. And rush hour travelers are now wasting an average of 62hours a year stuck in traffic. Now that's not total travel time, that's just the extra timespent going slow or going nowhere because of traffic congestion.The study says the worst traffic is in Los Angeles where the average rush hourdriver loses 136 hours a year, more than three work weeks, to traffic jams. The runners-up in the time drained category are San Francisco, Washington DC, Seattle, Houston, SanJose, Dallas, New York, Atlanta and Miami, where the average rush hour driver loses anextra 69 hours a year stuck in traffic.Onceyouget toa bigsystem, it's difficult tomaintainthepace of theroadwayandtransit system development and you wind up falling behind. More congestion is typical inlargecities.The report indicates that traffic jams aren't just annoyingthey are expensive. Forthe75 cities studied, researchers added up all the extra time and fuel wasted because oftraffic congestion. The price tag they figure is almost s68 billion a year.Key11)Key: Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco2) Key: It is San Francisco's world-famous landmark.3) Key: Because the number of cars on the roads is increasing faster than the amount ofavailable road. Or: It is a supply and demand relationshipthere is a lot more demandthan supply.4)Key: Texas Transportation Institute.23
closely related to our daily life, we may know little about it. Encourage students to use their own words when completing Exercise 1 and remind them that they are listening for meaning rather than words. Task 6 Cost of traffic jams Script James Hattori, the Host: Hi, everybody. I’m James Hattori. Welcome to our program, this week from the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco’s world-famous landmark, at the mouth of the Golden Gate straits. Forty-two million vehicles a year cross this bridge. That gives you an idea of the often nightmarish traffic drivers face around here. And, of course, we’re not alone. Natalie Pawelski, our environment correspondent, has the numbers on what it costs Americans to cope with rush hour traffic, in time and money. Natalie Pawelski, the Environment Correspondent: If you think traffic is getting worse in your town, you’re probably right. There’s a combination of factors. It’s the amount of people and the amount of available road. It’s a supply and demand relationship. You can think of it that way, and there’s a lot more demand than there is supply. The annual Urban Mobility Report from the Texas Transportation Institute finds that in the average American city people traveled 85 percent more miles by car in the year 2000 than they did in 1982. And rush hour travelers are now wasting an average of 62 hours a year stuck in traffic. Now that’s not total travel time, that’s just the extra time spent going slow or going nowhere because of traffic congestion. The study says the worst traffic is in Los Angeles where the average rush hour driver loses 136 hours a year, more than three work weeks, to traffic jams. The runnersup in the time drained category are San Francisco, Washington DC, Seattle, Houston, San Jose, Dallas, New York, Atlanta and Miami, where the average rush hour driver loses an extra 69 hours a year stuck in traffic. Once you get to a big system, it’s difficult to maintain the pace of the roadway and transit system development and you wind up falling behind. More congestion is typical in large cities. The report indicates that traffic jams aren’t just annoying—they are expensive. For the 75 cities studied, researchers added up all the extra time and fuel wasted because of traffic congestion. The price tag they figure is almost $68 billion a year. Key 1. 1) Key: Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. 2) Key: It is San Francisco’s world-famous landmark. 3) Key: Because the number of cars on the roads is increasing faster than the amount of available road. Or: It is a supply and demand relationship—there is a lot more demand than supply. 4) Key: Texas Transportation Institute. 23
2.1) 852)62, Los Angeles, Seattle, Houston, New York, Miami, 693) Large cities, roadway, transit system4) expensive, $68 billionTipsNumbers and figures are especially important in understanding this report, soExercise2focuseson thecostoftraffic jams interms ofthetime and moneywasted.Inaddition, it is also important to find out the reasons why the traffic is getting worse(supply and demand relationship)and why large cities aremore likely to have trafficcongestion (it's difficult to maintain the pace of the roadway and transit systemdevelopment),whicharecoveredinExercise1.Task7Modern citiesScriptInterviewer: Would you say then that all modern cities are pretty much alike?Urban Planner: Quite definitely not. There seem to be two types of modern city.Intype one there is a single high-density center, and that's where you'll find theskyscrapers. This is surrounded by motorways. And all around this center, low-densitysuburbs stretch as far as you can see. Houston, Calgary and Toronto are like that.Interviewer: And the second type?Urban Planner: The other type is like Los Angelesa low-density multi-centercity. As I'm sure you know Los Angeles is really a large collection of a number of smallcenters,each withits shopping center,factories,businesses,and skyscrapers scatteredeverywhere.In a way it'salmost one enormous suburb.Interviewer: Do you think one type is better than the other?Urban Planner: I think the Los Angeles model is more sensible.Interviewer:And so do you think Los Angeles is the city of the future?Urban Planner: It is arguable that the next step after Los Angeles is the completedisappearance of the city,with no real center,where well-designed forms of urban lifemodern factories and office blocks which are clean and quiet, and beautiful forms of rurallifethetreesand parks of suburbs, livesidebysideInterviewer: So are you saying that the city as we know it will disappear..Key1.He argues that there are two types of modern city1) In type one there is a single high-density center, and that's where you'll findthe skyscrapers. This is surrounded by motorways. And all around this center, low-density suburbs stretch as far as you can see. Houston, Calgary and Toronto are likethat.2) The other type is like Los Angeles—a low-density multi-center city. As I'm sure youknow Los Angeles is really a large collection of a number of small centers, each withits shopping center, factories, businesses, and skyscrapers scattered everywhere. In a24
2. 1) 85 2) 62, Los Angeles, Seattle, Houston, New York, Miami, 69 3) Large cities, roadway, transit system 4) expensive, $68 billion Tips Numbers and figures are especially important in understanding this report, so Exercise 2 focuses on the cost of traffic jams in terms of the time and money wasted. In addition, it is also important to find out the reasons why the traffic is getting worse (supply and demand relationship) and why large cities are more likely to have traffic congestion (it’s difficult to maintain the pace of the roadway and transit system development), which are covered in Exercise 1. Task 7 Modern cities Script Interviewer: Would you say then that all modern cities are pretty much alike? Urban Planner: Quite definitely not. There seem to be two types of modern city. In type one there is a single high-density center, and that’s where you’ll find the skyscrapers. This is surrounded by motorways. And all around this center, low-density suburbs stretch as far as you can see. Houston, Calgary and Toronto are like that. Interviewer: And the second type? Urban Planner: The other type is like Los Angeles—a low-density multi-center city. As I’m sure you know Los Angeles is really a large collection of a number of small centers, each with its shopping center, factories, businesses, and skyscrapers scattered everywhere. In a way it’s almost one enormous suburb. Interviewer: Do you think one type is better than the other? Urban Planner: I think the Los Angeles model is more sensible. Interviewer: And so do you think Los Angeles is the city of the future? Urban Planner: It is arguable that the next step after Los Angeles is the complete disappearance of the city, with no real center, where well-designed forms of urban life— modern factories and office blocks which are clean and quiet, and beautiful forms of rural life—the trees and parks of suburbs, live side by side. Interviewer: So are you saying that the city as we know it will disappear. Key 1. He argues that there are two types of modern city. 1) In type one there is a single high-density center, and that’s where you’ll find the skyscrapers. This is surrounded by motorways. And all around this center, lowdensity suburbs stretch as far as you can see. Houston, Calgary and Toronto are like that. 2) The other type is like Los Angeles—a low-density multi-center city. As I’m sure you know Los Angeles is really a large collection of a number of small centers, each with its shopping center, factories, businesses, and skyscrapers scattered everywhere. In a 24