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• Pope: Head of the church, he is based at the Vatican. The pope is infallible in defining matters of faith and morals. • Cardinal: Appointed by the pope, 178 cardinals worldwide, including 13 in the U.S., make up the College of Cardinals. As a body, it advises the pope and, on his death, elects a new pope. • Archbishop: An archbishop is a bishop of a main or metropolitan diocese, also called an archdiocese. A cardinal can concurrently hold the title. The U.S. has 45 archbishops. • Bishop: A bishop, like a priest, is ordained to this station. He is a teacher of church doctrine, a priest of sacred worship, and a minister of church government. The U.S. has 290 active bishops, 194 head dioceses. • Priest: Priest: An ordained minister who can administer most of the sacraments, including the Eucharist, baptism, and marriage. He can be with a particular religious order or committed to serving a congregation. • Deacon: Deacon: A transitional deacon is a seminarian studying for the priesthood. A permanent deacon can be married and assists a priest by performing some of the sacraments
Hawking of Indulgences 下
Hawking of Indulgences
A Roman Catholic Church(2) By then,the Catholic Church and the Papacy(罗马教皇 had become enormously powerful but increasingly indifferent to popular religious concerns.Popes and bishops flaunted (their wealth,church officials meddled in(千预，管闲事)secular politics,while poorly educated parish priests(教区教士)neglected their pastoral(牧师的)duties.At the same time,popular demands for religious assurance grew increasingly intense.The concern for salvation swelled(膨胀，增大)in response to the disorienting(使迷失方向，使迷惑)changes sweeping the continent during the 15th and 16th centuries -the widening gulf between rich and poor,the rise in prices,and the colonization of America
• By then, the Catholic Church and the Papacy（罗马教皇 职位） had become enormously powerful but increasingly indifferent to popular religious concerns. Popes and bishops flaunted（炫耀） their wealth, church officials meddled in （干预, 管闲事 ）secular politics, while poorly educated parish priests （教区教士 ）neglected their pastoral （牧师的 ）duties. At the same time, popular demands for religious assurance grew increasingly intense. The concern for salvation swelled（膨胀, 增大）in response to the disorienting （使迷失方向, 使迷惑）changes sweeping the continent during the 15th and 16th centuries — the widening gulf between rich and poor, the rise in prices, and the colonization of America. ▲ Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Church (2)
Flaunt too much Sin V ida Padne
Flaunt too much too much
Martin Luther (1483-1546)(1) Into this climate of heightened spirituality stepped Martin Luther(1483-1546),who advocated the religious movement of Protestantism concurring with the spirit of Renaissance in Europe.Like many contemporaries, Luther was consumed by fears over his eternal fate Convinced that he was damned,he found no consolation()in the Catholic Church.Catholic doctrine taught that a person could be saved by faith in God and by his own good works such as leading a virtuous life,observing the sacraments(圣礼)，making pilgrimages(朝圣，朝拜)to holy places,and praying to Christ and the saints.Luther was convinced that God did not require fallen humankind to earn salvation )Salvation,he concluded,came by faith alone,the "free gift"of God to undeserving sinners
▲ Martin Luther Martin Luther (1483–1546) (1) • Into this climate of heightened spirituality stepped Martin Luther (1483–1546), who advocated the religious movement of Protestantism concurring with the spirit of Renaissance in Europe. Like many contemporaries, Luther was consumed by fears over his eternal fate. Convinced that he was damned, he found no consolation(安慰) in the Catholic Church. Catholic doctrine taught that a person could be saved by faith in God and by his own good works such as leading a virtuous life, observing the sacraments（圣礼）, making pilgrimages （朝圣，朝拜）to holy places, and praying to Christ and the saints. Luther was convinced that God did not require fallen humankind to earn salvation（拯 救）. Salvation, he concluded, came by faith alone, the “free gift ” of God to undeserving sinners