Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering 1 Thermoplastic aromatic polymer composites F N.Cogswell 2 Design and manufacture of composite structures G.C.Eckold 3 Handbook of polymer composites for engineers Edited by L.C.Hollaway 4 Optimisation of composite structures design A.Miravete 5 Short-fibre polymer composites Edited by S.K.De and J.R.White 6 Flow-induced alignment in composite materials Edited by T.D.Papthanasiou and D.C.Guell 7 Thermoset resins for composites Compiled by Technolex 8 Microstructural characterisation of fibre-reinforced composites Edited by J.Summerscales 9 Composite materials F L.Matthews and R.D.Rawlings 10 3-D textile reinforcements in composite materials Edited by A.Miravete 11 Pultrusion for engineers Edited by T.Starr 12 Impact behaviour of fibre-reinforced composite materials and structures Edited by S.R.Reid and G.Zhou 13 Finite element modelling of composite materials and structures F L.Matthews,G.A.O.Davies,D.Hitchings and C.Soutis 14 Mechanical testing of advanced fibre composites Edited by G.M.Hodgkinson 15 Integrated design and manufacture using fibre-reinforced polymeric composites Edited by M.J.Owen and I.A.Jones XV @Woodhead Publishing Limited,2014
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014 xv Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering 1 Thermoplastic aromatic polymer composites F. N. Cogswell 2 Design and manufacture of composite structures G. C. Eckold 3 Handbook of polymer composites for engineers Edited by L. C. Hollaway 4 Optimisation of composite structures design A. Miravete 5 Short-fi bre polymer composites Edited by S. K. De and J. R. White 6 Flow-induced alignment in composite materials Edited by T. D. Papthanasiou and D. C. Guell 7 Thermoset resins for composites Compiled by Technolex 8 Microstructural characterisation of fi bre-reinforced composites Edited by J. Summerscales 9 Composite materials F. L. Matthews and R. D. Rawlings 10 3-D textile reinforcements in composite materials Edited by A. Miravete 11 Pultrusion for engineers Edited by T. Starr 12 Impact behaviour of fi bre-reinforced composite materials and structures Edited by S. R. Reid and G. Zhou 13 Finite element modelling of composite materials and structures F. L. Matthews, G. A. O. Davies, D. Hitchings and C. Soutis 14 Mechanical testing of advanced fi bre composites Edited by G. M. Hodgkinson 15 Integrated design and manufacture using fi bre-reinforced polymeric composites Edited by M. J. Owen and I. A. Jones
xvi Woodhead Publishing in Composites 16 Fatigue in composites Edited by B.Harris 17 Green composites Edited by C.Baillie 18 Multi-scale modelling of composite material systems Edited by C.Soutis and P.W.R.Beaumont 19 Lightweight ballistic composites Edited by A.Bhatnagar 20 Polymer nanocomposites Y-W.Mai and Z-Z.Yu 21 Properties and performance of natural-fibre composite Edited by K.Pickering 22 Ageing of composites Edited by R.Martin 23 Tribology of natural fiber polymer composites N.Chand and M.Fahim 24 Wood-polymer composites Edited by K.O.Niska and M.Sain 25 Delamination behaviour of composites Edited by S.Sridharan 26 Science and engineering of short fibre reinforced polymer composites S-Y.Fu,B.Lauke and Y-M.Mai 27 Failure analysis and fractography of polymer composites E.S.Greenhalgh 28 Management,recycling and reuse of waste composites Edited by V.Goodship 29 Materials,design and manufacturing for lightweight vehicles Edited by P.K.Mallick 30 Fatigue life prediction of composites and composite structures Edited by A.P.Vassilopoulos 31 Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites Edited by S.C.Tiong and Y-W.Mai 32 Creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites Edited by R.M.Guedes 33 Interface engineering of natural fibre composites for maximum performance Edited by N.E.Zafeiropoulos 34 Polymer-carbon nanotube composites Edited by T.McNally and P.Potschke 35 Non-crimp fabric composites:Manufacturing, properties and applications Edited by S.V.Lomov Woodhead Publishing Limited,2014
xvi Woodhead Publishing in Composites © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014 16 Fatigue in composites Edited by B. Harris 17 Green composites Edited by C. Baillie 18 Multi-scale modelling of composite material systems Edited by C. Soutis and P. W. R. Beaumont 19 Lightweight ballistic composites Edited by A. Bhatnagar 20 Polymer nanocomposites Y-W. Mai and Z-Z. Yu 21 Properties and performance of natural-fi bre composite Edited by K. Pickering 22 Ageing of composites Edited by R. Martin 23 Tribology of natural fi ber polymer composites N. Chand and M. Fahim 24 Wood-polymer composites Edited by K. O. Niska and M. Sain 25 Delamination behaviour of composites Edited by S. Sridharan 26 Science and engineering of short fi bre reinforced polymer composites S-Y. Fu, B. Lauke and Y-M. Mai 27 Failure analysis and fractography of polymer composites E. S. Greenhalgh 28 Management, recycling and reuse of waste composites Edited by V. Goodship 29 Materials, design and manufacturing for lightweight vehicles Edited by P. K. Mallick 30 Fatigue life prediction of composites and composite structures Edited by A. P. Vassilopoulos 31 Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites Edited by S. C. Tjong and Y-W. Mai 32 Creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites Edited by R. M. Guedes 33 Interface engineering of natural fi bre composites for maximum performance Edited by N. E. Zafeiropoulos 34 Polymer-carbon nanotube composites Edited by T. McNally and P. P ö tschke 35 Non-crimp fabric composites: Manufacturing, properties and applications Edited by S. V. Lomov
Woodhead Publishing in Composites xvii 36 Composite reinforcements for optimum performance Edited by P.Boisse 37 Polymer matrix composites and technology R.Wang,S.Zeng and Y.Zeng 38 Composite joints and connections Edited by P.Camanho and L.Tong 39 Machining technology for composite materials Edited by H.Hocheng 40 Failure mechanisms in polymer matrix composites Edited by P.Robinson,E.S.Greenhalgh and S.Pinho 41 Advances in polymer nanocomposites:Types and applications Edited by E Gao 42 Manufacturing techniques for polymer matrix composites(PMCs) Edited by S.Advani and K-T.Hsiao 43 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE)of polymer matrix composites: Techniques and applications Edited by V.M.Karbhari 44 Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites:Types,processing and properties S.S.Ray 45 Advances in ceramic matrix composites Edited by I.M.Low 46 Ceramic nanocomposites Edited by R.Banerjee and I.Manna 47 Natural fibre composites:Materials,processes and properties Edited by A.Hodzic and R.Shanks 48 Residual stresses in composite materials Edited by M.M.Shokrieh 49 Health and environmental safety of nanomaterials:Polymer nano- composites and other materials containing nanoparticles Edited by J.Njuguna,K.Pielichowski and H.Zhu @Woodhead Publishing Limited,2014
Woodhead Publishing in Composites xvii © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014 36 Composite reinforcements for optimum performance Edited by P. Boisse 37 Polymer matrix composites and technology R. Wang, S. Zeng and Y. Zeng 38 Composite joints and connections Edited by P. Camanho and L. Tong 39 Machining technology for composite materials Edited by H. Hocheng 40 Failure mechanisms in polymer matrix composites Edited by P. Robinson, E. S. Greenhalgh and S. Pinho 41 Advances in polymer nanocomposites: Types and applications Edited by F. Gao 42 Manufacturing techniques for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) Edited by S. Advani and K-T. Hsiao 43 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites: Techniques and applications Edited by V. M. Karbhari 44 Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites: Types, processing and properties S. S. Ray 45 Advances in ceramic matrix composites Edited by I. M. Low 46 Ceramic nanocomposites Edited by R. Banerjee and I. Manna 47 Natural fi bre composites: Materials, processes and properties Edited by A. Hodzic and R. Shanks 48 Residual stresses in composite materials Edited by M. M. Shokrieh 49 Health and environmental safety of nanomaterials: Polymer nanocomposites and other materials containing nanoparticles Edited by J. Njuguna, K. Pielichowski and H. Zhu
1 Wood fibres as reinforcements in natural fibre composites:structure,properties, processing and applications D.DAI and M.FAN,Brunel University,UK D0L:10.1533/9780857099228.1.3 Abstract:Wood fibres are the most abundantly used cellulose fibre. They have been extensively used in the modern composite industry due to their specific characteristics.This chapter systematically describes the structure,properties,processing and applications of wood fibres as reinforcements in natural fibre composites:first,the nature and behaviour of wood fibres and the developed technologies for the modification of wood fibres to enhance physical and mechanical properties (e.g.surface functionality and tensile strength)are investigated;the matrices and processing techniques for the development of wood fibre composites are then discussed;and finally,the properties and applications of wood fibre composites in industrial sectors are presented. Key words:wood fibres,structure,physical and mechanical properties, modification,process technique,wood fibre composites. 1.1 Introduction Natural fibres are rich in cellulose,abundantly available and easy to handle and process.However,the application of natural fibres in composites came to a near-halt from the 1940s due to the low price and the steadily rising performance of technical and standard plastics.12 In the 1990s,critical discus- sion about the preservation of natural resources and recycling had led to a renewed interest in natural renewable materials.With the recent increase in environmental awareness,exploiting natural fibres has raised great interest and become of importance.Among these natural fibres,wood fibres are the most abundantly used cellulose fibre having extensive use in the fibreboard, pulp and paper,and many other industrial sectors.Over 55%of paper and paperboard production3 and 80%of natural fibre reinforced composites are made from wood fibres.The use of wood composite materials dates from cen- turies ago.?In ancient China,wood,bamboo and straw were used to reinforce 3 @Woodhead Publishing Limited,2014
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014 3 1 Wood fibres as reinforcements in natural fibre composites: structure, properties, processing and applications D. DAI and M. FAN , Brunel University, UK DOI : 10.1533/9780857099228.1.3 Abstract : Wood fi bres are the most abundantly used cellulose fi bre. They have been extensively used in the modern composite industry due to their specifi c characteristics. This chapter systematically describes the structure, properties, processing and applications of wood fi bres as reinforcements in natural fi bre composites: fi rst, the nature and behaviour of wood fi bres and the developed technologies for the modifi cation of wood fi bres to enhance physical and mechanical properties (e.g. surface functionality and tensile strength) are investigated; the matrices and processing techniques for the development of wood fi bre composites are then discussed; and fi nally, the properties and applications of wood fi bre composites in industrial sectors are presented. Key words : wood fi bres, structure, physical and mechanical properties, modifi cation, process technique, wood fi bre composites. 1.1 Introduction Natural fi bres are rich in cellulose, abundantly available and easy to handle and process. However, the application of natural fi bres in composites came to a near-halt from the 1940s due to the low price and the steadily rising performance of technical and standard plastics. 1,2 In the 1990s, critical discussion about the preservation of natural resources and recycling had led to a renewed interest in natural renewable materials. With the recent increase in environmental awareness, exploiting natural fi bres has raised great interest and become of importance. Among these natural fi bres, wood fi bres are the most abundantly used cellulose fi bre having extensive use in the fi breboard, pulp and paper, and many other industrial sectors. Over 55% of paper and paperboard production 3 and 80% of natural fi bre reinforced composites 4 are made from wood fi bres. The use of wood composite materials dates from centuries ago. 5 In ancient China, wood, bamboo and straw were used to reinforce
4 Natural fibre composites 1.1 Yuchang Lou in Fujian,China:a wood-clay composite building that is over 600 years old. 3103 3000 Patent 3007 2954 Paper 2652 573 586 404 2500 24142412 440 2176 2200 425 376 2000 1877 379 384 434 1473 6 1500 2517 2550 367 2434 1989 2036 2212 1000 1797 1816 1443 106 500 0 2003200420052006200720082009201020112012 Years 1.2 Number of publications on wood fibres and products. clay for making walls,and many natural fibre-reinforced clay buildings are still in use,e.g.the "Tulou,which dates from 1200 years ago,one of the oldest wood-clay buildings,can be observed in the south of China(Fig.1.1). To date,numerous publications have reported the applications of natu- ral fibres,e.g.pulp,s.ethanols and composite.Among these reports,more Woodhead Publishing Limited,2014
4 Natural fi bre composites © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014 clay for making walls, and many natural fi bre-reinforced clay buildings are still in use, e.g. the ‘Tulou’, which dates from 1200 years ago, one of the oldest wood–clay buildings, can be observed in the south of China (Fig. 1.1). To date, numerous publications have reported the applications of natural fi bres, e.g. pulp, 6,7 ethanol 8 and composite. 9 Among these reports, more 1.1 Yuchang Lou in Fujian, China: a wood‒clay composite building that is over 600 years old. 1473 367 1106 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Years 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Number of publications 2500 3000 Patent Paper 2009 2010 2011 2012 1443 434 1877 2176 379 1797 1816 384 2200 2414 425 1989 2036 376 2412 2652 440 2212 2434 573 3007 3103 586 2517 2550 404 2954 1.2 Number of publications on wood fi bres and products