Needle/leaf physiology within a tree crow n and its ffects at whole tree level Prot Mae nD arch Institute WSL 可南信阳杨树 南，马尾书 广东校树
1 Needle/leaf physiology within a tree crown and its effects at whole tree level Tree Physioecology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Insect defoliation, Illinois Quercus sp. Top-down defoliation pattern typical of Douglas-fir tussock moth 河南信阳，杨树 广东， 桉树 湖南, 马尾松 马尾松毛虫俗称“狗毛虫”。以幼虫取食松 树针叶为害， 是我国南方各省危害森林最为 严重的害虫，每年受灾面积往往以千万亩计， 造成巨大的经济损失。松树被害后，轻者造 成材积生长率下降，松脂减产，种子产量降 低；重者致使松树生长极度衰弱，容易招引 松墨天牛、松纵坑切梢小蠹、松白星象等蛀 干害虫的入侵，造成松树大面积死亡。此外， 幼虫具毒毛，容易引起人的皮炎 和关节肿痛
Trends in fore schwach geschadig s126% Main causes of defoliaton Biological causes:insects/disease/livestock Mechanical damage 4.Air pollution:emissions and effluents into the ai soil and water degrades the environment and pton-lg TREE GROWTH ZONES R8a 2
2 Trends in forest defoliation in Europe for the period 1992 to 2003 efoliation of crown cover Proportion of trees with >25% d www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae428e/ae428e02.htm Forests in Germany, 2007. www.wald.de Blattverlust >26% Blattverlust 11-25% -10% -30% -55% -75% 0% 30% 60% 85% Transparency Müller & Stierlin, 1990; Dobbertin, M et al. 2005 -0% -30% -60% -85% 1. Biological causes: insects/disease/livestock 2. Climatic conditions: drought, frost…… 3. Mechanical damage 4. Air pollution: emissions and effluents into the air, soil and water degrades the environment and causes defoliation
Tree's crown-the most important part of a tree Tree leaves can be called the"food factories" even theo lants" by which the tree is able to use light ("photo considered as stored energy and are used to ALENCIA DHANCE TREES OF DIPFERENT ACE 鲨雷蕾出 131 70510 離 20.1 (61) For 30-yrs-old Pinus cembra trees at the alpine treeline: u2C7 3
3 Leaves are a plant‘s food factory. They are the main site of photosynthesis, hotosynthesis, where sugars are made from H2O and CO2, using sunlight energy. Royal Botanic Gardens KEW Tree leaves can be called the “food factories” or perhaps even the “power plants” for trees. It’s in the leaves that most photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis is the process by which the tree is able to use light (“photo”) Tree‘s crown – the most important part of a tree by which the tree is able to use light ( photo ) energy to make (“synthesis”) food in the form of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can be considered as stored energy and are used to provide the energy for growth and the synthesis of other compounds and plant processes. 100-140 yrs old Abies alba trees Needles % Stem % Branches % Stump % Roots % Total % Upper canopy layer trees 5.5 65.1 7.5 8.8 13.1 100 Mid-C-layer trees 5.8 70.5 10.0 8.2 5.5 100 Liu Chunjiang, 2009. PhD thesis, Univ. Helsinki For 30-yrs-old Pinus cembra trees at the alpine treeline: Needles 21%, Branches 19%, Stem wood 47%, Roots 13% Li Mai-He, 1999, PhD thesis, Univ. BOKU, Vienna Bernoulli M, Körner Ch, 1999. Phyton 39, 7-12 Supressed trees 4.6 62.4 5.4 7.5 20.1 100 Levels of light-rPPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) and ambient CO2 levels within the forest canopy profile Koike T. et al. 2004. in Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land (Eds., M. Shiyomi et al.), pp. 453–472 Han QM et a. 2003. Tree Physiology 23, 851-857 Upper crown Mid-C Lower-C Upper crown Middle C Bottom C Horizontal variations along the firstorder branches in the upper, middle, and lower crown of Pinus densiflora during July 2001. Filled symbols represent the outer-foliated terminals of each branch. Han QM et a. 2003. Tree Physiology 23, 851-857
ensity d (548 umol mol-1)atmospheric [CO2]cond 世出把 E Takeuchi Y.et al 2001.Plat,Coll Emer.24.1257-1268 Pan.C17-10 e rate of 出 片 20 Han OM ct a. 03.Tree 23.851-857 tive c latio ed at ligh eturated conditio g
4 Mean (± SE) daily integrated photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, mol m−2 d−1) at the top of, and within, a Populus tremuloides crown under current ambient (343 µmol mol−1) and elevated (548 µmol mol−1) atmospheric [CO2] conditions. Takeuchi Y. et al. 2001. Plant, Cell & Envir. 24, 1257-1268 leaf N concentrations and specific leaf area (SLA) in a Populus tremuloides canopy under open-air CO2 enrichment during the 1999 growing season. Takeuchi Y. et al. 2001. Plant, Cell & Envir. 24, 1257-1268 Upper-canopy measurements were from unshaded leaves on the main terminals. Mid- and lower-canopy positions were fixed at 120 and 40 cm above the ground, respectively. Variations in (a) the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax), (b) the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and (c) the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) along first-order branches Upper Middle Bottom in the upper, middle, and lower crown of Pinus densiflora in July 2001. Han QM et a. 2003. Tree Physiology 23, 851-857 343 ppm 548 ppm Takeuchi Y. et al. 2001. Plant, Cell & Envir. 24, 1257-1268 Photosynthesis light response curves Populus tremuloides canopies July Aug. Sept Positive correlation between leaf nitrogen content and Pmax (measured at light and CO2 saturated condition Koike T. et al. 2004. in Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land (Eds., M. Shiyomi et al.), pp. 453–472 Sunny crown and seedlings at gap Shady crown and seedlings at the forest floor Koike T. et al. 2004. in Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land (Eds., M. Shiyomi et al.), pp. 453–472 Relation between leaf nitrogen content (N) and Psat (light-saturated photosynthetic rate) in canopy trees and seedlings Han QM et a. 2003. Tree Physiology 23, 851-857
x(c). The carbohydrates are manufactured by plants during the process of var.elliotti trees in north-central Florida photosynthesis 42 The primary product of photosynthesis is Glucose which is the source of carbohydrates like cellulose.starch etc y RC et 2004.Trmm 24.1209-1220 兰 】 Main soluble sugars Starch isa long,straight chain of glucose units.Starch is the principal polysaccharide Total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) used by plants to store glucose for later use TNCa tree Carbon as energy. Glucose←→ Starch Non-structural carbobydrates (NSC)= are broken down during the process of Glucose+Fructose+Sucrose+Starch CH2Oa+60:6CO26HO+energy 5
5 Upper- and lower-crown light-saturated net photosynthesis of current-year foliage (Amax(cf)), foliar nitrogen concentration ([N]) and specific leaf area (SLA) of Pinus taeda L. and Pinus elliottii var. elliottii trees in north-central Florida McGarvey RC et al. 2004. Tree Physiology 24, 1209-1220 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (from sunlight) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 The carbohydrates are manufactured by plants during the process of photosynthesis The primary product of photosynthesis is Glucose which is the source of carbohydrates like cellulose, starch etc. Main soluble sugars Glucose Fructose Sucrose (n is the number of repeating glucose units and ranges in the 1,000's) Starch Starch is a long, straight chain of glucose units. Starch is the principal polysaccharide used by plants to store glucose for later use as energy. Glucose St h arc C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy Carbohydrates are broken down during the process of metabolism to release energy Total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) Represent a tree’s capital for growth: TNC = Carbon gain (photosynthesis) – Carbon loss (respiration) = total soluble sugars + starch Li MH et al. 2002. Trees 16, 331-337 Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) = Glucose + Fructose + Sucrose + Starch