c.Much of the heating in organic chemistry is done with electrical heating mantles; these must be plugged into a variable transformer,not directly into the outlet or they will overheat and may cause a fire. d.Never transfer anything into a flask that is sitting in a heating mantle;use a cork ring, beaker or clamp to hold the flask during transfers.Organics spilled in a mantle will catch on fire when the electricity is connected,acids or bases will corrode the wires. and water will cause a short circuit. e.Never pour into a container on an electronic balance-they often have the wiring and knife edges under the pan are thus easily damaged. f Turn off electrical equipment immediately after you have finished unless your instructor has stated otherwise(e.g.the gas chromatographs must be left on for an hour to stabilize). g.Report frayed cords,or non-functional equipment to your instructor.Do not put it back in the cupboard or you will be stuck with it again next time. h.No samples are allowed on top of any instruments. 9.Pressure Hazards a.Never heat a closed system b.When using a separatory funnel,vent frequently and remove the stopper immediately upon setting it upright for separation. c.Compressed gas cylinders must be strapped to the bench above their center of gravity when the protective caps are off.Pressure regulators are generally not interchangeable between gases for safety reasons.Gas cylinders should be free of regulators and protected by their cap before moving. 10.Waste Disposal a.In order to minimize damage to the environment,and in compliance with State and Federal law,chemical wastes must be separated into categories and carefully labeled as to their contents.Please read and follow the labels on the waste bottles to ensure that your chemical wastes are treated safely and appropriately.You will find containers for: i.General Organic Waste(flammable) o
10 c. Much of the heating in organic chemistry is done with electrical heating mantles; these must be plugged into a variable transformer, not directly into the outlet or they will overheat and may cause a fire. d. Never transfer anything into a flask that is sitting in a heating mantle; use a cork ring, beaker or clamp to hold the flask during transfers. Organics spilled in a mantle will catch on fire when the electricity is connected, acids or bases will corrode the wires, and water will cause a short circuit. e. Never pour into a container on an electronic balance - they often have the wiring and knife edges under the pan are thus easily damaged. f. Turn off electrical equipment immediately after you have finished unless your instructor has stated otherwise (e.g. the gas chromatographs must be left on for an hour to stabilize). g. Report frayed cords, or non-functional equipment to your instructor. Do not put it back in the cupboard or you will be stuck with it again next time. h. No samples are allowed on top of any instruments. 9. Pressure Hazards a. Never heat a closed system. b. When using a separatory funnel, vent frequently and remove the stopper immediately upon setting it upright for separation. c. Compressed gas cylinders must be strapped to the bench above their center of gravity when the protective caps are off. Pressure regulators are generally not interchangeable between gases for safety reasons. Gas cylinders should be free of regulators and protected by their cap before moving. 10. Waste Disposal a. In order to minimize damage to the environment, and in compliance with State and Federal law, chemical wastes must be separated into categories and carefully labeled as to their contents. Please read and follow the labels on the waste bottles to ensure that your chemical wastes are treated safely and appropriately. You will find containers for: i. General Organic Waste (flammable)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons(non-flammable) i. Chromic Acid Solutions(these have been phased out) iv. Lead Silver vi. Other Heavy Metals vii. Waste from specific experiments in some cases. viii Acids ix. Bases X In some experiments,acids and bases will be neutralized to a pH of6-10 (State law)as part of the experiment and flushed down the drain with lots of water.Your instructor will give you instructions in particular cases.Indicator solution or paper will be available in the lab. xi. Broken thermometers create the special problem of spilled mercury (a toxic heavy metal).Report such accidents immediately to your instructor;usually any mercury which cannot be collected is reacted with sulfur or absorbed with a special kit before disposal as heavy metal waste. xii. Broken glass or porcelain is swept up into a dust pan and disposed of in a special container for broken glass.Please don't use your fingers. EXPERIMENTAL REPORT Experimental reports are very important in your course.You will use this type of writing to describe experiments and to explain what you have learned from them.A good experimental report does more than present data;it demonstrates the writer's comprehension of the concepts behind the data.Merely recording the expected and observed results is not sufficient;you should also identify how and why differences occurred,explain how they affected your experiment,and shows your understanding of the principles the experiment was designed to examine.Bear in mind that a format,however helpful,cannot replace clear thinking and organized writing.You still need to organize your ideas carefully and express them coherently
11 ii. Halogenated Hydrocarbons (non-flammable) iii. Chromic Acid Solutions (these have been phased out) iv. Lead v. Silver vi. Other Heavy Metals vii. Waste from specific experiments in some cases. viii. Acids ix. Bases x. In some experiments, acids and bases will be neutralized to a pH of 6 - 10 (State law) as part of the experiment and flushed down the drain with lots of water. Your instructor will give you instructions in particular cases. Indicator solution or paper will be available in the lab. xi. Broken thermometers create the special problem of spilled mercury (a toxic heavy metal). Report such accidents immediately to your instructor; usually any mercury which cannot be collected is reacted with sulfur or absorbed with a special kit before disposal as heavy metal waste. xii. Broken glass or porcelain is swept up into a dust pan and disposed of in a special container for broken glass. Please don't use your fingers. EXPERIMENTAL REPORT Experimental reports are very important in your course. You will use this type of writing to describe experiments and to explain what you have learned from them. A good experimental report does more than present data; it demonstrates the writer's comprehension of the concepts behind the data. Merely recording the expected and observed results is not sufficient; you should also identify how and why differences occurred, explain how they affected your experiment, and shows your understanding of the principles the experiment was designed to examine. Bear in mind that a format, however helpful, cannot replace clear thinking and organized writing. You still need to organize your ideas carefully and express them coherently