In 1965,the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESC)adapted land subsidence as one of its major projects for research and development (UNESCO and IASH,1970).Since then,a great number of scientists,researchers and engineers have made tremendous efforts to investigate various relevant subjects on land subsidence
In 1965, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESC) adapted land subsidence as one of its major projects for research and development (UNESCO and IASH, 1970). Since then, a great number of scientists, researchers and engineers have made tremendous efforts to investigate various relevant subjects on land subsidence
The relevant subjects are causes of subsidence by man or nature,subsidence by fluid withdrawal, subsidence by solid extraction,measurement and monitoring of subsidence,measuring techniques, theory and modeling of subsidence,social effects, environmental consequences and remediation measures
The relevant subjects are causes of subsidence by man or nature, subsidence by fluid withdrawal, subsidence by solid extraction, measurement and monitoring of subsidence, measuring techniques, theory and modeling of subsidence, social effects, environmental consequences and remediation measures
The international efforts and achievements have been well documented in the literature available in English such as the proceedings of the five international symposia convened by UNESCO and IAHS (UNESCO and IASH,1970;Barends et al.,1995,1998)
The international efforts and achievements have been well documented in the literature available in English such as the proceedings of the five international symposia convened by UNESCO and IAHS (UNESCO and IASH, 1970; Barends et al., 1995, 1998)
Similar to other countries,China has suffered land subsidence since 1964 when substantial land subsidence happened in Shanghai.In particular,over the last 20 years,the rapid developments for urbanization and industrialization in China have resulted in the ever increasing in land subsidence and its extremely expensive damage to environment and economy in more than 45 industrial cities
Similar to other countries, China has suffered land subsidence since 1964 when substantial land subsidence happened in Shanghai. In particular, over the last 20 years, the rapid developments for urbanization and industrialization in China have resulted in the ever increasing in land subsidence and its extremely expensive damage to environment and economy in more than 45 industrial cities
L and subsidence in Shanghai (1) 19211926193119361941194619511956196119661971197619811986199119962001 -500 -1000 60 -1500 -80 -2000 -100 一Accumulative(m) Annual average(mm） -2500 120
Land subsidence in Shanghai （1） 1921 1926 1931 1936 1941 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 Accumulative(mm) Annual average（mm）