Supporting Real-Time Applications in an Integrated Services Packet Network: Architecture and Mechanism David D. Clarkl Scott Shenker Lixia Zhang Laboratory for Computer Science Palo Alto Research Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Xerox Corporation ddc@lcs. mit.edu shenker, lixia@parc.xerox.com Abstract One of the most vexing technical problems that blocks the path towards an ISPN is that of supporting realtim This paper considers the support of real-time applications applications in a packet network. Real-time applications are quite different from standard data applications, and re- review the characteristics of real-time applications. We ob quire service that cannot be delivered wit hin the typical dat a serve that, contrary to the popular view that real-time ap service architecture. In Section 2 we discuss the nature of re a fixed delay bound, some reak here, however, it suffices time applications are dapt to current to observe that one salient characteristic of the realtime network co bound on ture tha While this bound may guaranteed se orm of realbe stat ist ical, in the sense that some small fraction of the time serv he bound itself pre-comp vice archi- which use puting delay bo mechanism that c as well as accomn traffic, an en- two other aspects of a four vice interface and t e by the 1《Introduction《 The current generation of tele phone net w our paper. rent generation of computer networks were each designed to hile the idea of predicted service has been considered be- carry specific and very different kinds of traffic: o our knowledge in ISDN and the increasing applications, this dist ing these sorts of service nclude both fer to here as an Integra the network will would yield a single tele o know when their ing multit ude of adv n of the source's scale, ubiquity of ac ing. There is a broad entify the networking community particular an achievable goal. Ho vision can become a reality. 1Research at MIT was supported by DARPA through NASA Grant g ser- NAG 2-582, by NSF grant NCR-8814187, and by DARPA and NSE through Cooperative Agreement NCR-8919038 with the Corporation the schedul- for National Research Initiatives ing informa eaders. This the rest of the gs to the term. An the fu d is the maximal value of a set of obe cal bounds allow for a certain percentage of violations of the bound; absolute bounds allov
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➷❤➐❤➃❸➉❛➈✖➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✖➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❢➊★➆❫➌✚➌❁➋❭➏❢➶❩➈✳➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉❛➈✍➎✵➪✖➃❸➏❛➂❤➃❸➌✵➏❛➂❁➈✿➏➍➘❤➅❤➃❸➊✥➆✍➒❩➎➇➆❫➏r➆ ➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✏➆✥➉❛➊➡➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈♠➻❋➯❏➌▼➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✯✮☎➪✖➈✵➎❤➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄✵➏❛➂❁➈✲➌❩➆✥➏❛➐❁➉❛➈☎➋❫➑ ➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓➍➏➍➃❸➔✲➈▼➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❩➄✞➆❫➏✵➒❸➈✍➌✚Ð♠➏❛➂✍✰✹➂✚➈✍➉❛➈♠➹❳➂✚➋✥➪✖➈✍➚♠➈❄➉✍➹✳➃❸➏✪➄❛➐❤Ó☎➊✍➈❄➄ ➏❛➋▼➋❭➶❁➄❛➈✍➉❛➚❭➈▼➏❛➂➇➆❫➏☎➋♠➌✚➈Ñ➄r➆✍➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❋➊r➂❩➆✥➉r➆❫➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊⑧➋❫➑✂➏❛➂✚➈Ñ➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈ ➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❩➄Ñ➪✦➈❋➊✍➋♠➌✚➄➍➃❸➎❁➈❄➉✪➃❸➄✪➏❛➂➇➆❫➏☎➏❛➂❁➈❄➘✸➉❛➈✍➷❤➐❤➃❸➉❛➈❞➆Ñ➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎✫➋♠➌ ➏❛➂✚➈✆➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉❛➘▼➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘▼➋❫➑❳➈★➆❫➊r➂▼➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✔✱❤➻☎➼✸➂❤➃✇➒❸➈❋➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✂➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎❞➔☎➆✍➘ ➶❩➈☎➄❛➏r➆❫➏➍➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊★➆★➒❦➹✖➃❸➌❞➏❛➂❁➈☎➄❛➈✍➌✚➄❛➈☎➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✯➄❛➋❭➔✵➈☎➄❛➔☎➆★➒✇➒❳➑❦➉r➆✥➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌⑧➋❫➑Ò➏❛➂❁➈ ➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❛➄✵➔➾➆★➘✞➑❏➆★➃✇➒❳➏❛➋✞➆✥➉❛➉➍➃❸➚♠➈❋➶❤➘✞➏❛➂❼➃❸➄☎➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎☛➹✖➏❛➂✚➈✆➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎❞➃❸➏❛➄❛➈➡➒✇➑ ➔✂➐❁➄❛➏❳➶❩➈Ò✃❤➌❁➋✥➪❳➌▼➝✠Ï✰➜r➢③➫❤➜➡➢❸➻✻➁❳➂✚➈✹➏❛➉r➆❫➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌➇➆★➒✿➎➇➆❫➏r➆✯➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈✂➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃✇➓ ➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✪➐✚➌✚➎❁➈✍➉➍➒❸➘♠➃❸➌✚Ð❞➊✍➋♠➔✲➅❁➐✚➏❛➈✍➉☎➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❤➄✯➂➇➆❫➄✵➌✚➋❋➑❏➆❫➊➡➃✇➒✇➃❸➏➍➃❸➈❄➄✆➑❦➋❭➉ ➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒✇➃❸➌✚Ð❑➉❛➈✍➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊✍➈❄➄✪➋♠➉✲➎❁➈✍➌❤➘♠➃❸➌✚Ð✸➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈Ñ➐✚➅❩➋❭➌❑➋❫➚❭➈✍➉➍➒❸➋❤➆✥➎✧➹ ➆❫➌✚➎❋➏❛➂❤➐✚➄Ô➃❸➄Ò➐❁➌➇➆❫➶❤➒❸➈✵➏❛➋✂➔✵➈✍➈✍➏❳➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✠➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✯➉❛➈❄➷❤➐❼➃❸➉❛➈✍➔✲➈✍➌❤➏✍➻ ➁➴➂✚➈✍➉❛➈➡➑s➋♠➉❛➈♠➹❳➃❸➌⑤➋❭➉❛➎❁➈❄➉❋➏❛➋Ý➂➇➆❫➌✚➎❤➒❸➈▼➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈❞➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊♠➹➮➆❫➌❑➈✍➌❤➓ ➂➇➆❫➌✚➊✍➈✍➎❋➆✥➉❛➊➡➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✠➃❸➄✖➌✚➈✍➈✍➎✚➈✍➎✆➑s➋♠➉✦➆❫➌✪➯➳➲❁➵✿➸P➻ä➼Ñ➈❳➃❸➎❁➈✍➌❤➏➍➃✇➑s➘➾➑s➋♠➐✚➉ ✃♠➈❄➘❋➊✍➋♠➔✵➅➇➋♠➌✚➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✯➏❛➋☎➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✂➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃❸➏❛➈❄➊✍➏❛➐❁➉❛➈❭➻✵➁❳➂❁➈✹➽➇➉❛➄❛➏✠➅❤➃❸➈✍➊✍➈☎➋❫➑✦➏❛➂❁➈ ➆❫➉❛➊r➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✯➃❸➄❳➏❛➂❁➈✹➌➇➆❫➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✯➋✥➑✿➏❛➂❁➈✹➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✠➔☎➆✥➎❁➈✂➶❤➘☎➏❛➂❁➈ ➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✵➪❳➂❁➈❄➌➾➃❸➏❳➅✚➉❛➋♠➔✯➃❸➄❛➈❄➄➴➏❛➋✂➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚♠➈✍➉➮➆P➊❄➈✍➉❛➏r➆★➃❸➌✏➷❤➐❩➆✍➒✇➃❸➏➍➘✪➋✥➑✰➄❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➚♠➃❸➊✍➈♠➻✿➼✞➈➴➃❸➎✚➈✍➌❤➏➍➃✇➑❦➘☎➏➍➪✦➋✹➄❛➋♠➉❛➏❛➄✖➋✥➑✻➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➹➇➛❼❮✚➝❤➜➍➝❤↔➇↕◗➙r➙r➞✳➆✥➌❁➎ Ï✰➜➍➙r➞❤➢③➤✥↕❦➙➡➞♠➻ ➵ ➉❛➈✍➎❤➃❸➊✍➏❛➈✍➎❋➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➃❸➄✹➆✂➔☎➆✖✲➳➋♠➉✹➆✥➄❛➅❩➈✍➊✍➏Ò➋❫➑✿➋❭➐❁➉Ò➅❩➆✥➅❩➈✍➉✍➻ ➼✸➂❤➃✇➒❸➈✵➏❛➂✚➈✠➃❸➎❁➈★➆➾➋✥➑✿➅❁➉❛➈❄➎❼➃❸➊✍➏❛➈❄➎Ñ➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈✯➂➇➆❫➄❳➶❩➈✍➈❄➌❋➊✍➋♠➌✚➄➍➃❸➎❁➈❄➉❛➈✍➎Ñ➶➇➈➡➓ ➑❦➋❭➉❛➈♠➹❤➏❛➂✚➈➴➃❸➄❛➄❛➐✚➈✍➄❳➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✖➄❛➐❁➉❛➉❛➋❭➐❁➌✚➎✆➃❸➏✦➂❩➆✍➚♠➈Ò➌❁➋❭➏✍➹❤➏❛➋✂➋♠➐✚➉✖✃❤➌❁➋✥➪✖➒❸➈✍➎✚Ð♠➈♠➹ ➶❩➈✍➈❄➌❋➊✥➆❫➉❛➈➡➑s➐❼➒✇➒❸➘❋➈✍➬❤➅❤➒❸➋♠➉❛➈❄➎✧➻ ➁➴➂✚➈✹➄❛➈✍➊✍➋❭➌❁➎❋➅❤➃❸➈✍➊✍➈✹➋✥➑✿➏❛➂❁➈✂➆✥➉❛➊➡➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✹➃❸➄✠➏❛➂✚➈✹➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✹➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➑❏➆✥➊✍➈♠➹✻➃❦➻ ➈♠➻❸➹❢➏❛➂❁➈☎➄❛➈✍➏✹➋✥➑Ò➅❩➆✥➉r➆❫➔✵➈✍➏❛➈❄➉❛➄✯➅➇➆❫➄❛➄❛➈✍➎❞➶❩➈❄➏➍➪✖➈✍➈❄➌▼➏❛➂❁➈✲➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈ ➆❫➌✚➎❞➏❛➂❁➈☎➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❩➻❋➁❳➂✚➈✵➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈☎➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑❏➆❫➊❄➈✪➔✂➐❁➄❛➏✹➃❸➌❁➊r➒❸➐❁➎✚➈❋➶❩➋♠➏❛➂ ➏❛➂✚➈✖➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➋❫➑➇➏❛➂✚➈✖➷❤➐❩➆✍➒✇➃❸➏➍➘✵➋✥➑❩➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❳➏❛➂❁➈✖➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✹➪✖➃✇➒✇➒ ➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚♠➈✍➉✍➹❤➑❦➐❤➒✇➽✚➒✇➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð✵➏❛➂✚➈✖➌✚➈✍➈✍➎✵➋✥➑☛➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❩➄✖➏❛➋Ò✃❤➌❁➋✥➪❞➪❳➂❁➈❄➌✯➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉ ➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❛➄✹➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✦➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚❭➈♠➹✰➆❫➌✚➎✞➏❛➂❁➈✂➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌▼➋✥➑✖➏❛➂✚➈✂➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✒✳ ➄ ➏❛➉r➆★Ó➾➊♠➹✿➏❛➂❁➈✍➉❛➈❄➶❤➘✸➆✍➒✇➒❸➋✥➪Ô➃❸➌✚Ð❞➏❛➂❁➈✏➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃Ñ➏❛➋✞✃❤➌❁➋✥➪✖➒❸➈✍➎✚Ð♠➈✥➆✥➶❼➒❸➘✫➆✍➒✇➓ ➒❸➋❤➊✥➆✥➏❛➈✪➉❛➈✍➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊✍➈❄➄✍➻❋➯➍➌✞➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✲➅❩➆✥➅❩➈✍➉✵➪✖➈➾➆❫➏❛➏❛➈✍➔✵➅✚➏✂➏❛➋✪➃❸➎❁➈✍➌❤➏➍➃✇➑s➘▼➏❛➂❁➈ ➊✍➉➍➃❸➏➍➃❸➊✥➆✍➒✰➆❫➄❛➅➇➈✍➊✍➏❛➄✿➋❫➑☛➏❛➂✚➈❳➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✖➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑❏➆✥➊✍➈♠➹✚➆✥➌❁➎✵➋✥Þ☛➈✍➉✦➆➴➅➇➆❫➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❤➒❷➆❫➉ ➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑❏➆✥➊✍➈✂➆❫➄Ô➆❫➌☎➈✍➬✚➆❫➔✲➅❼➒❸➈♠➻✦➼Ñ➈➮➆❫➎✚➎❁➉❛➈❄➄❛➄Ô➃❸➌✏➅❩➆✥➄❛➄➍➃❸➌❁Ð☎➏❛➂✚➈✠➌✚➈✍➈✍➎✵➑❦➋❭➉ ➈✍➌❤➑❦➋♠➉❛➊❄➈✍➔✵➈✍➌❤➏Ò➋❫➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✂➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✍➻ ➁➴➂✚➈❳➏❛➂❼➃❸➉❛➎✏➅❼➃❸➈❄➊✍➈✠➋✥➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✠➆✥➉❛➊➡➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✠➃❸➄✖➏❛➂✚➈✠➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✦➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒✇➓ ➃❸➌✚Ð✪➶❩➈✍➂➇➆✍➚♠➃❸➋♠➉✂➋❫➑✿➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✪➄❛➪✖➃❸➏❛➊r➂❁➈❄➄✹➌❁➈✍➈❄➎❁➈✍➎✞➏❛➋✵➔✵➈❄➈✍➏✠➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✂➄❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✏➊✍➋♠➔✵➔✂➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➻❋➼✞➈☎➎❼➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄✵➶❩➋❭➏❛➂▼➏❛➂✚➈✪➆✥➊✍➏❛➐➇➆★➒❳➄❛➊r➂❁➈❄➎❁➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð ➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✵➄❳➏❛➋✠➶❩➈❳➐✚➄❛➈✍➎✯➃❸➌✵➏❛➂✚➈❳➄❛➪✖➃❸➏❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➄✍➹✚➆✥➄✳➪✖➈r➒✇➒☛➆✥➄✳➏❛➂✚➈❳➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒✇➓ ➃❸➌✚Ð✠➃❸➌❼➑❦➋❭➉❛➔☎➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❢➔✂➐❁➄❛➏❢➶❩➈✿➊✥➆✥➉❛➉➍➃❸➈✍➎✯➃❸➌✵➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❢➂✚➈✥➆✥➎❁➈✍➉❛➄✍➻❱➁➴➂❤➃❸➄ ✱ ý☛✘ ÿ✥ë❛ç❢í❦ì✥ç✳í❦ç❛ê✆✚✵✴✷✶☛✸✟✹✻✺✼✘ è✻í❦ô✍è❦è❦ç❛õ✠érê◗ô❄ò❫ÿ✥õ❳ñ✽✘ í❦ì✠û✍ê❦çré➡í☛érö♠érÿ❫õ✥ô✍ÿ✾✘ÿ✠í❦ì✥ç ê❦ç❛è❦í✖ô★ í❦ì❫çÒó❭é➡ó♠ç❛ê ✠ ñ☛ç❳ÿ✥ç❛ç❛õ✵í❦ô✿✘õ✥ç❛ÿ✍í✆✘ ★÷☎è❦ç✔✙➡ç❛ê❏é❀✩❩õ✟✘❁✚ç❛ê◗ç❛ÿ❄í❂✚✦çré➡ÿ✟✘ ÿ✥û✍è✖í❦ô í❦ì✥ç✠í❦ç❛ê✆✚❃✪✹ù❢ÿ❅❄❃❆✻❇✔❈✎✶☛❇✔❈✚ö♠ô✍ò✥ÿ✥õ✵ô✍ÿ✲õ❫ç✔✩ é÷❉✘ èÔéPè❦í❏é➡í❦ç✔✚✖ç❛ÿ✍í✿í❦ì♠érí✖ÿ✥ô✍ÿ✥ç➴ô★ í❦ì✥ç ★ò✥í❦ò✥ê◗ç✿õ✥ç✔✩✇é❛÷✍è✻ñ✦✘ ✩ ✩❁ç✔❊✍ë❛ç❛ç❛õ❳í❦ì❭é➡í✰é❀✚✖ô✍ò✥ÿ✍í✔✪➇ù❋❆✒✶☛●✷❍❏■✞❄✟❑✄❍✆✶✰ö♠ô✍ò✥ÿ✥õ❃✘ è✻í❦ì✥ç ✚❳é❀❊✏✘✚❳é❀✩✍✙ré❀✩ò✥ç✠ô★ é➴è❦ç❛í✿ô★ ô✍ö✥è❦ç❛ê▲✙rç❛õ✵õ✥ç✔✩✇é❛÷✍è✔✪Òý✍í❏é➡í✆✘ è❦í✆✘ ëré❀✩☛ö♠ô❄ò❫ÿ✥õ✥è❳é❀✩ ✩ ôrñ ★ô✍ê✿é❳ë❛ç❛ê◗í❏é❀✘ÿ✹ó♠ç❛ê❦ë❛ç❛ÿ✍í❏é➡û✍ç❢ô★ ✙☛✘ ô✏✩✇é➡í✆✘ ô❄ÿ❫è✿ô★ í❦ì✥ç✖ö❭ô✍ò✥ÿ❫õ✻▼➇é➡ö✥è❦ô☛✩ ò✥í❦ç✖ö❭ô✍ò✥ÿ❫õ✥è é❀✩ ✩ ôrñ❋ÿ❫ô❄ÿ❫ç☛✪
part of the architecture must be carefully considered; since it Parekh and 1 allager ([-4, 27]), 2acobson and Floyd([-4]) lust be executed for every packet it must not be so complex and ' azar, Hyman, and Pacifici([-2,-8]) have all cor as to effect tribu ted The final part of the architecture is the means by which Finally, in Section-2, we conclude our paper wi the traffic and service commit ments get est ablished. 2 learl view of our results and a brief discussion of related economic the ability of the network to meet its service commitments is issues. The s ppendix contains details relating to the simu elated to the criteria the net work uses to decide whether to lation results that are presented in Sections 5-7 accept another request for service. While we do not present a specific algorit hm to regulate the admission of new sources, we show the re lation between the other parts of our proposal o Pro u drtids of RdalaTip d Trar c and a general approach to the ad mission control problem oil A lass of RdalaTip d Auu li directl lated to the nature of real-time traffic. for inst ance, the In the discu on a particular class sues of routing, datagram congestion control, and the inter of real-time applications which we dub paac ack applica action of administrative domains all pose interesting chal tions. In a play-back application, the source takes sor any final architectural proposal for an ISPN must solve thes he net work ine vit ably introduces some variation in the d longs anding problems. It is import lay of each delivered packet. This variation has traditionally t hat we do not believe that the architect ural choices we ad- been called jitter. The receiver de packetizes the data and vocate here for real-time traffic unnecessarily rest rict the then attempts to faithfully play back the sig nal. This is done scope of solutions to these ot her problems by buffering the incoming data to remove the network in 2 we begin with a disc ussion of the nature of realtime traffic. &ced itter and then replaying the signal at some This paper has -2 Sections and an s ppendix. In Section ted In particular, we note that some real-time applications can pac- ack point can be used to reconstruct io p 37c;ack point. 5 ny dat a that arrives before dat adapt te ent net work condit ions. This leads us to pi arriving after the p3c- ack point is useless in re cting pose, in Section 8, that an ISPN support two kinds of rea the real-time signal. For the purposes of this ve as- ime service commitments: guaranteed service and predicted sume that all such application sufficient store all packets which arrive before the play-back point; we ing algorithm which is a nonuniformly weig hted ve the Igorithm discussed in Reference [4], and Not all real-time applications are p3ac- ack application then refer to a recent result due to Parekh and I allager( ght imagine a visualization apl References [-4, 27]) which states that, under certain condi- which merely displayed the image encoded in each packet of arbitrary topology. We then turn, in Sections 5 and< ions, this algorit hm delivers guaranteed se enever it arrived). Howe ver, we believe the vast majority lications, including most video and audio applications, will fit this paradigm. Furthermore, non dicted service. The predicted service scheduling algorithm play-back applications can still use the real-time network wel ideas: that of ervice provided b ct ure, although th time context, and that of correlating the qu dela ot specifi tailored to their needs packet at successive nodes in th to reduce del Play-back real-time applications have se veral service quirements that inform our design proposal. First, sinc 7, presenting a unified scheduling algorithm which provide t here is often real-time interaction bet ween the two end oth guaranteed and predicted service. I iven the current of an application, as in a voice conversation, the application frenzy of activity in the design of real-time scheduling algo- performance is sensitive to the data delivery delay; in general ithms, we do not expect that the algorithm presented here lower delay is much preferable. Second, in order to set the will be the final word on the matter; howe ver, we do hope lay-back point, the application needs to have some info that the at embodied therein will be of lasting value mation(pre ferably an absolute or statistical bound)about In rticular, we think that the e insight underlying the delays that each packet will experience. Third, since all sign, that it is necessary to distinguish between the two basic dat a is buffered until the play-back point, the application is rinciples of isolation and sharing, is both fundamental and indifferent as to when data is delivered as long as it arrive before the play-back point. This turns out to be a crucial ince the service interface will be invoked by applications, aktime service interface will outlive which are. Fourth, these pla particular underlying network mechanism. Thus, we have tolerate the loss of a certain fraction of packe ts with only a pted in our proposal face which is minimal distortion in the sig nal. Therefore, the play-back enough to a scussed brief point need not be so delayed that absolutely every packet arrives before hand covered in Section-7. In order to build up sufficient context to meaningfully compare our work The delay in the network derives from se veral causes. There ay the detailed discussion of related work until Section is in practice a large fixed component to the delay, caused However, we wish to note here that our work borrows heay ly from the rapidly growing literature on pro viding reah pus that the rece上h time service in packet networks. In particular, the works of
➅➇➆❫➉❛➏❢➋✥➑❩➏❛➂✚➈❳➆✥➉❛➊➡➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✖➔✂➐❁➄❛➏❢➶❩➈✦➊✥➆❫➉❛➈➡➑s➐❼➒✇➒❸➘✂➊✍➋♠➌✚➄➍➃❸➎✚➈✍➉❛➈✍➎✍✰❁➄➍➃❸➌✚➊✍➈✖➃❸➏ ➔✂➐✚➄❛➏✳➶❩➈✦➈✍➬❤➈✍➊✍➐✚➏❛➈✍➎✯➑❦➋❭➉✳➈❄➚♠➈✍➉❛➘✹➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❢➃❸➏✿➔✯➐✚➄❛➏❢➌❁➋❭➏✳➶➇➈✖➄❛➋✹➊✍➋♠➔✲➅❼➒❸➈✍➬ ➆✥➄❳➏❛➋✵➈➡Þ☛➈✍➊❄➏✠➋✥➚♠➈✍➉r➆✍➒✇➒❢➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✪➅➇➈✍➉➍➑❦➋♠➉❛➔➾➆❫➌✚➊✍➈♠➻ ➁❳➂❁➈✠➽➇➌➇➆★➒❢➅➇➆❫➉❛➏❳➋✥➑✿➏❛➂❁➈➮➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃❸➏❛➈✍➊❄➏❛➐❁➉❛➈✯➃❸➄❳➏❛➂✚➈✹➔✵➈✥➆✥➌❁➄❳➶❤➘☎➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂ ➏❛➂✚➈✖➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✖➆✥➌❁➎✂➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❳➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈❄➌❤➏❛➄❢Ð♠➈✍➏❢➈✍➄❛➏r➆✥➶❼➒✇➃❸➄❛➂✚➈✍➎☛➻✁✳➒❸➈✥➆✥➉➍➒❸➘♠➹ ➏❛➂✚➈❳➆✥➶❼➃✇➒✇➃❸➏❏➘✆➋✥➑☛➏❛➂✚➈✖➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✹➏❛➋✹➔✵➈✍➈✍➏✻➃❸➏❛➄❢➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈➴➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✳➃❸➄ ➉❛➈r➒❷➆❫➏❛➈✍➎✏➏❛➋✹➏❛➂❁➈❳➊✍➉➍➃❸➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❷➆✂➏❛➂❁➈❳➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✵➐✚➄❛➈✍➄✖➏❛➋✹➎✚➈✍➊➡➃❸➎✚➈✹➪➴➂✚➈✍➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✿➏❛➋ ➆✥➊✍➊✍➈✍➅✚➏Ò➆❫➌✚➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❳➉❛➈✍➷❤➐✚➈✍➄❛➏✳➑❦➋❭➉✖➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈♠➻✦➼✸➂❤➃✇➒❸➈✯➪✦➈✠➎✚➋✯➌✚➋♠➏❳➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➈✍➌❤➏ ➆✖➄❛➅❩➈❄➊➡➃✇➽❩➊Ò➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✽➏❛➋❳➉❛➈✍Ð♠➐❤➒❷➆❫➏❛➈✖➏❛➂✚➈✦➆❫➎✚➔✯➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➋❫➑➇➌✚➈✍➪▼➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✍➄✍➹ ➪✦➈✖➄❛➂❁➋✥➪❞➏❛➂✚➈✖➉❛➈➡➒❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌☎➶❩➈✍➏➍➪✦➈✍➈✍➌✂➏❛➂❁➈✖➋❭➏❛➂❁➈❄➉✳➅➇➆❫➉❛➏❛➄❢➋✥➑☛➋♠➐✚➉❢➅❁➉❛➋❭➅❩➋♠➄r➆✍➒ ➆✥➌❁➎✞➆✂Ð♠➈✍➌✚➈✍➉r➆★➒ ➆❫➅✚➅❁➉❛➋ä➆❫➊r➂Ñ➏❛➋✲➏❛➂❁➈✂➆✥➎❁➔✯➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋❭➌Ñ➊❄➋♠➌❤➏❛➉❛➋❫➒❱➅❁➉❛➋❭➶❼➒❸➈❄➔✪➻ ➁❳➂❁➈❄➉❛➈✂➆❫➉❛➈✂➆★➒❸➄❛➋☎➔☎➆✥➌❤➘✏➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃❸➏❛➈✍➊❄➏❛➐❁➉r➆✍➒❢➃❸➄❛➄❛➐❁➈✍➄Ò➌❁➋❭➏❳➎❼➃❸➉❛➈✍➊❄➏➍➒❸➘❋➉❛➈➡➓ ➒❷➆✥➏❛➈✍➎✞➏❛➋✪➏❛➂✚➈✯➌➇➆❫➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✵➋❫➑✦➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓➍➏➍➃❸➔✲➈✆➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✒✰❩➑❦➋❭➉➴➃❸➌✚➄❛➏r➆❫➌✚➊✍➈♠➹❢➏❛➂✚➈✯➃❸➄➍➓ ➄❛➐✚➈✍➄❳➋❫➑❱➉❛➋♠➐✚➏➍➃❸➌❁Ð✚➹❩➎➇➆❫➏r➆✥Ð♠➉r➆❫➔✾➊❄➋♠➌✚Ð♠➈✍➄❛➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❋➊✍➋♠➌❤➏❛➉❛➋✥➒❦➹✰➆❫➌✚➎✆➏❛➂✚➈✠➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➆✥➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌→➋❫➑Ò➆✥➎❁➔✂➃❸➌❼➃❸➄❛➏❛➉r➆✥➏➍➃③➚❭➈Ñ➎✚➋♠➔☎➆✍➃❸➌❁➄✏➆✍➒✇➒❳➅❩➋♠➄❛➈☎➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉❛➈✍➄❛➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð▼➊r➂❩➆✍➒✇➓ ➒❸➈❄➌❁Ð❭➈✍➄✍➻▼➼✞➈☎➎❁➋❋➌✚➋♠➏☎➆✥➎❁➎✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➄✵➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✵➃❸➄❛➄❛➐✚➈✍➄✯➃❸➌❞➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✲➅❩➆✥➅❩➈✍➉✍➹❳➆✥➌❁➎ ➆✥➌❤➘✠➽❩➌➇➆★➒❙➆❫➉❛➊r➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉r➆★➒☛➅✚➉❛➋♠➅❩➋❭➄r➆★➒✚➑❦➋♠➉❱➆❫➌✂➯❛➲✚➵✳➸❞➔✯➐✚➄❛➏✻➄❛➋✥➒❸➚♠➈❳➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈ ➒❸➋❭➌❁Ð❭➄❛➏r➆❫➌✚➎❼➃❸➌✚Ð❑➅✚➉❛➋♠➶❤➒❸➈✍➔✵➄✍➻✫➯➍➏✯➃❸➄✵➃❸➔✵➅➇➋♠➉❛➏r➆❫➌❤➏☎➏❛➋▼➌✚➋♠➏❛➈❭➹✖➂✚➋❫➪✦➈✍➚♠➈✍➉✍➹ ➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➪✖➈Ò➎❁➋✂➌✚➋♠➏❳➶❩➈➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➚❭➈✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✖➏❛➂✚➈✂➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃❸➏❛➈❄➊✍➏❛➐❁➉r➆✍➒❢➊r➂❁➋✥➃❸➊✍➈✍➄Ò➪✖➈✹➆✥➎❼➓ ➚❭➋❤➊✥➆❫➏❛➈✞➂✚➈✍➉❛➈Ñ➑❦➋❭➉✆➉❛➈★➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈▼➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊Ñ➐✚➌✚➌❁➈✍➊❄➈✍➄❛➄r➆❫➉➍➃✇➒❸➘✛➉❛➈❄➄❛➏❛➉➍➃❸➊✍➏✪➏❛➂✚➈ ➄❛➊❄➋♠➅❩➈✂➋❫➑✿➄❛➋✥➒❸➐❁➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✹➏❛➋✵➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✹➋❭➏❛➂❁➈✍➉Ò➅❁➉❛➋❭➶❼➒❸➈❄➔✵➄✍➻ ➁❳➂❼➃❸➄✦➅❩➆✥➅❩➈✍➉❳➂❩➆✥➄✄✂✖✮✯➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄Ò➆✥➌❁➎✏➆❫➌✆☎Ò➅❁➅❩➈❄➌❁➎❤➃❸➬❩➻✖➯❏➌✪➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌ ✮✖➪✖➈✿➶❩➈✍Ð✥➃❸➌✵➪✖➃❸➏❛➂✵➆✖➎❤➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➋❫➑➇➏❛➂❁➈✿➌➇➆❫➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✖➋❫➑➇➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈❳➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊♠➻ ➯❏➌❋➅❩➆✥➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❤➒❷➆❫➉✍➹❢➪✖➈✹➌✚➋♠➏❛➈✂➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✠➄❛➋❭➔✵➈✂➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈☎➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✵➊✥➆❫➌ ➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏✹➏❛➋☎➊✍➐✚➉❛➉❛➈✍➌❤➏✹➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❋➊✍➋❭➌❁➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✍➻✵➁❳➂❤➃❸➄✠➒❸➈✥➆❫➎✚➄✹➐❁➄✹➏❛➋☎➅✚➉❛➋❫➓ ➅➇➋♠➄❛➈♠➹❩➃❸➌✞➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✞✝❼➹❩➏❛➂➇➆❫➏➮➆❫➌❋➯➳➲❁➵✿➸⑤➄❛➐✚➅❁➅❩➋❭➉❛➏✠➏❏➪✖➋✵✃♠➃❸➌✚➎❁➄✹➋✥➑✿➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓ ➏➍➃❸➔✲➈✹➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✹➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍❒✦➛❤❮✚➝❤➜➍➝❤↔❩↕❦➙r➙➡➞✿➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✂➆❫➌✚➎✆Ï✰➜❏➙➡➞❤➢❷➤❫↕❦➙r➞ ➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈♠➻✿➯➍➌✲➲❼➈❄➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✠✟Ò➪✖➈✖➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➈✍➌❤➏✿➆❳➏➍➃❸➔✵➈➡➓❏➄❛➏r➆❫➔✵➅✲➶❩➆✥➄❛➈✍➎✵➄❛➊r➂❁➈✍➎✚➐❤➒✇➓ ➃❸➌✚Ð⑧➆★➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂Ñ➃❸➄✲➆✪➌❁➋❭➌❤➐❁➌❤➃✇➑❦➋♠➉❛➔✂➒❸➘Ý➪✦➈➡➃❸Ð♠➂❤➏❛➈✍➎❞➚❭➈✍➉❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌▼➋✥➑ ➏❛➂✚➈☛✡❙➝❤➢③➜✌☞✖❮✚➙❫❮✚➙✥➢③↔❤➛✖➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➎❼➃❸➄❛➊❄➐❁➄❛➄❛➈✍➎✪➃❸➌❅✬✖➈➡➑❦➈❄➉❛➈✍➌❁➊❄➈✠✍✟✏✎❏➹❩➆✥➌❁➎ 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➏❛➈❄➉✍➻❢➼Ñ➈Ò➊✍➋♠➔✂➶❤➃❸➌❁➈✹➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✹➏➍➪✦➋✹➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒✇➃❸➌✚Ð✏➆★➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔✲➄➴➃❸➌❋➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌ ✣ ➹❩➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➈✍➌❤➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð❋➆✯➐✚➌❤➃✇➽❩➈✍➎✞➄❛➊r➂❁➈✍➎✚➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð✞➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔❅➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂✏➅❁➉❛➋✥➚♠➃❸➎✚➈✍➄ ➶➇➋♠➏❛➂❞Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎→➆❫➌✚➎❞➅❁➉❛➈✍➎❤➃❸➊✍➏❛➈✍➎❞➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈♠➻✤✑➴➃❸➚♠➈✍➌→➏❛➂❁➈☎➊✍➐✚➉❛➉❛➈✍➌❤➏ ➑s➉❛➈✍➌❁à❄➘✆➋✥➑✿➆✥➊✍➏➍➃❸➚♠➃❸➏➍➘☎➃❸➌❋➏❛➂❁➈Ò➎❁➈✍➄➍➃❸Ð❭➌❋➋❫➑❱➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✂➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒✇➃❸➌✚Ð❋➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋✥➓ ➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✵➄✍➹➇➪✖➈✹➎❁➋✲➌❁➋❭➏➴➈❄➬❤➅❩➈✍➊✍➏❳➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➏❛➂❁➈✂➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➅❁➉❛➈❄➄❛➈✍➌❤➏❛➈✍➎❋➂✚➈✍➉❛➈ ➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✦➶❩➈☎➏❛➂❁➈✹➽➇➌❩➆✍➒❳➪✖➋♠➉❛➎❋➋❭➌▼➏❛➂✚➈✯➔☎➆✥➏❛➏❛➈✍➉☛✰❢➂✚➋✥➪✖➈✍➚♠➈❄➉✍➹✻➪✖➈✂➎✚➋✪➂✚➋♠➅❩➈ ➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✂➏❛➂✚➈✆➃❸➌✚➄➍➃❸Ð♠➂❤➏☎➈✍➔✂➶❩➋❤➎❼➃❸➈❄➎✸➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➈➡➃❸➌❞➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✠➶➇➈✆➋✥➑❳➒❷➆❫➄❛➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð▼➚❭➆★➒❸➐✚➈♠➻ ➯❏➌Ñ➅➇➆❫➉❛➏➍➃❸➊❄➐❼➒❷➆✥➉✍➹✳➪✦➈✵➏❛➂❼➃❸➌✚✃✞➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✹➏❛➂❁➈✯➃❸➌✚➄➍➃❸Ð♠➂❤➏✲➐❁➌✚➎❁➈❄➉➍➒❸➘♠➃❸➌❁Ð▼➋❭➐❁➉✹➎✚➈➡➓ ➄➍➃❸Ð❭➌✧➹ä➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✻➃❸➏✧➃❸➄❢➌✚➈✍➊✍➈✍➄❛➄r➆✥➉❛➘✯➏❛➋❳➎❤➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➌❁Ð❭➐❼➃❸➄❛➂✏➶❩➈✍➏➍➪✦➈✍➈✍➌✂➏❛➂❁➈✿➏➍➪✖➋❳➶➇➆❫➄➍➃❸➊ ➅✚➉➍➃❸➌✚➊➡➃❸➅❼➒❸➈❄➄✹➋❫➑❳➢❸➥✍➫✖✥❸➝❤↕❦➢③➫❤↔Ò➆❫➌✚➎❋➥✢✦❩➝❤➜r➢③↔❤➛♠➹✥➃❸➄✖➶❩➋♠➏❛➂☎➑❦➐✚➌❁➎➇➆❫➔✵➈❄➌❤➏r➆★➒✿➆✥➌❁➎ ➌✚➋✥➚♠➈➡➒❦➻ ➯➍➌✂➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✆✧✖➪✖➈✿➉❛➈✍➏❛➐❁➉❛➌✹➏❛➋Ò➏❛➂❁➈❢➃❸➄❛➄❛➐✚➈✖➋❫➑➇➏❛➂❁➈✿➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✖➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑◗➆❫➊✍➈♠➻ ➲♠➃❸➌✚➊✍➈✪➏❛➂✚➈✵➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈☎➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑❏➆✥➊✍➈☎➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒Ô➶❩➈✵➃❸➌❤➚♠➋♠✃❭➈✍➎❞➶❤➘▼➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❩➄✍➹ ➪✦➈✹➈✍➬❤➅❩➈✍➊✍➏Ò➏❛➂❩➆✥➏Ò➆✯➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✲➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✹➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑❏➆❫➊❄➈✯➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✿➋♠➐✚➏➍➒✇➃❸➚♠➈➾➆❫➌❤➘ ➅➇➆❫➉❛➏➍➃❸➊❄➐❼➒❷➆✥➉✪➐✚➌❁➎✚➈✍➉➍➒❸➘♠➃❸➌✚ÐÝ➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃▼➔✲➈✍➊➡➂➇➆❫➌❤➃❸➄❛➔✪➻❞➁❳➂❤➐✚➄✍➹✖➪✖➈☎➂➇➆★➚❭➈ ➆✥➏❛➏❛➈✍➔✵➅✚➏❛➈✍➎✪➃❸➌✞➋♠➐✚➉➴➅✚➉❛➋♠➅➇➋♠➄r➆★➒✦➏❛➋✵➅✚➉❛➋❤➎❁➐✚➊✍➈☎➆✥➌✪➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑❏➆✥➊✍➈✯➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂❋➃❸➄ ➱➇➈✍➬♠➃❸➶❤➒❸➈✠➈✍➌✚➋♠➐✚Ð♠➂✂➏❛➋✹➆✥➊✍➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✵➋❤➎➇➆❫➏❛➈❳➆✖➪✖➃❸➎❁➈✦➚♠➆✥➉➍➃❸➈✍➏➍➘✂➋❫➑➇➄❛➐✚➅❁➅❩➋❭➉❛➏➍➃❸➌❁Ð ➔✲➈✍➊➡➂➇➆❫➌❤➃❸➄❛➔✵➄✍➻★☎✠➎✚➔✯➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌✵➊❄➋♠➌❤➏❛➉❛➋❫➒✚➅➇➋❫➒✇➃❸➊➡➃❸➈✍➄Ô➆❫➉❛➈✿➎❼➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄❛➈✍➎☎➶✚➉➍➃❸➈➡➱❩➘ ➃❸➌ ➲❼➈❄➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✩✓❤➹❳➆❫➌✚➎✸➏❛➂✚➈✪➄❛➐✚➅✚➅❩➋♠➉❛➏✏➋❫➑✹➋❭➏❛➂❁➈❄➉✵➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✞➷❤➐❩➆✍➒✇➃❸➏➍➃❸➈✍➄✪➃❸➄ ➊❄➋❫➚❭➈✍➉❛➈✍➎✪➃❸➌✞➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✪✂✔✕❼➻ ➯➍➌❞➋❭➉❛➎❁➈✍➉✲➏❛➋Ñ➶✚➐❼➃✇➒❸➎❑➐✚➅✸➄❛➐❤Ó☎➊➡➃❸➈❄➌❤➏✆➊❄➋♠➌❤➏❛➈✍➬❤➏✵➏❛➋✞➔✵➈✥➆✥➌❼➃❸➌✚Ð❫➑s➐❼➒✇➒❸➘ ➊❄➋♠➔✵➅➇➆❫➉❛➈→➋♠➐✚➉Ñ➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❑➏❛➋❑➅❁➉❛➈❄➚♠➃❸➋♠➐✚➄➍➒❸➘✔➅✚➐❁➶❤➒✇➃❸➄❛➂❁➈❄➎✾➪✖➋♠➉❛✃❩➹✂➪✖➈▼➎✚➈➡➓ ➒❷➆✍➘✏➏❛➂❁➈✂➎❁➈❄➏r➆★➃✇➒❸➈✍➎✞➎❼➃❸➄❛➊❄➐❁➄❛➄➍➃❸➋❭➌Ý➋✥➑✿➉❛➈➡➒❷➆❫➏❛➈❄➎❋➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✏➐❁➌❤➏➍➃✇➒✦➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✪✂✖✂♠➻ ß❳➋✥➪✖➈✍➚♠➈❄➉✍➹❁➪✦➈➴➪✖➃❸➄❛➂✏➏❛➋✯➌✚➋♠➏❛➈Ò➂❁➈✍➉❛➈✹➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✦➋♠➐✚➉✖➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✲➶❩➋♠➉❛➉❛➋✥➪❳➄❳➂❁➈✥➆✍➚♠➓ ➃✇➒❸➘✸➑s➉❛➋♠➔ ➏❛➂✚➈❋➉r➆❫➅❤➃❸➎❼➒❸➘✫Ð♠➉❛➋✥➪✖➃❸➌❁Ð▼➒✇➃❸➏❛➈✍➉r➆✥➏❛➐❁➉❛➈⑧➋♠➌❑➅✚➉❛➋❫➚♠➃❸➎❤➃❸➌✚Ð❑➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓ ➏➍➃❸➔✲➈✯➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈P➃❸➌❋➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❳➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❤➄✍➻✿➯➍➌✏➅❩➆✥➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❼➒❷➆✥➉✍➹✻➏❛➂✚➈✹➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❤➄➴➋✥➑ ➵❢➆❫➉❛➈❄✃❤➂▼➆✥➌❁➎✫✑✹➆✍➒✇➒❷➆❫Ð❭➈✍➉✆➭✢✍✒✂✔✓❤➹✼✮✬✕✭✎s➺➡➹✯✮❭➆❫➊✍➋❭➶❁➄❛➋❭➌❞➆❫➌✚➎✤✛✧➒❸➋❫➘❤➎→➭✢✍✰✂✱✟✲✎s➺➡➹ ➆❫➌✚➎✴✳✰➆❫à✥➆✥➉✍➹☎ß➴➘❤➔➾➆❫➌☛➹☎➆❫➌✚➎✽➵❢➆✥➊➡➃✇➽❩➊r➃Ñ➭✢✍✒✂✟✮❤➹☛✂✭✝✭✎s➺ ➂➇➆✍➚♠➈→➆★➒✇➒➾➊✍➋♠➌❤➓ ➏❛➉➍➃❸➶✚➐❁➏❛➈✍➎❋➏❛➋✲➋♠➐✚➉✠➎✚➈✍➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌☛➻ ✛✧➃❸➌❩➆✍➒✇➒❸➘♠➹✻➃❸➌✞➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✫✂✟✮❤➹☛➪✖➈✹➊✍➋❭➌❁➊➡➒❸➐✚➎✚➈✵➋♠➐✚➉✠➅➇➆❫➅❩➈❄➉✹➪Ô➃❸➏❛➂✞➆✂➉❛➈➡➓ ➚♠➃❸➈✍➪→➋❫➑☛➋❭➐❁➉✿➉❛➈✍➄❛➐❤➒❸➏❛➄✖➆✥➌❁➎☎➆❳➶❁➉➍➃❸➈r➑✻➎❤➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌✏➋❫➑☛➉❛➈➡➒❷➆✥➏❛➈✍➎☎➈✍➊✍➋❭➌❁➋❭➔✯➃❸➊ ➃❸➄❛➄❛➐✚➈✍➄✍➻❳➁❳➂❁➈✌☎Ò➅❁➅❩➈❄➌❁➎❤➃❸➬❋➊✍➋♠➌❤➏r➆✍➃❸➌❁➄✹➎✚➈✍➏r➆✍➃✇➒❸➄✹➉❛➈➡➒❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð✪➏❛➋✵➏❛➂✚➈✹➄➍➃❸➔✂➐❼➓ ➒❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌Ñ➉❛➈❄➄❛➐❼➒❸➏❛➄Ò➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✠➆✥➉❛➈✹➅❁➉❛➈❄➄❛➈✍➌❤➏❛➈✍➎✪➃❸➌✞➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✵✗★➓ ✣ ➻ ✶ ✷✰❾◗Ù✹✸✻✺❤❾❦❽❛Ü✼✺♠❻ÒÙ✾✽❀✿❁✺❭❿❃❂ ❄✢❅✖Ü✒❆✵✺✠❅❢❾❦❿✖❇✪➀ ✶❉❈ Õ ❹✩❊❋❂ ❿❤❻➡❻❳Ù●✽✌✿❍✺♠❿❃❂ ❄■❅✖Ü✒❆☛✺✏❹❏✸❃✸✻❂ Ü✇➀✥❿❤❽❛Ü✇Ù➇Ø❼❻ ➯➍➌☎➏❛➂✚➈✠➎❤➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌❋➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✳➑❦➋✥➒✇➒❸➋✥➪➴➄✍➹➇➪✖➈✖➑❦➋❤➊✍➐✚➄✖➋♠➌✏➆✹➅❩➆✥➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❤➒❷➆❫➉✠➊r➒❷➆❫➄❛➄ ➋❫➑✂➉❛➈★➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈⑧➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃③➋❭➌❁➄✞➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂❑➪✖➈❋➎✚➐❁➶✸Ï❍✥❸➝●❑✔▲✢▼r➝❤➤r➧✆➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✍➓ ➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✍➻✾➯❏➌❑➆▼➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃✛➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✧➹✲➏❛➂❁➈✞➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈▼➏r➆✥✃♠➈✍➄✏➄❛➋♠➔✵➈ ➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌➇➆★➒❦➹➇➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏➍➃❸à✍➈✍➄✖➃❸➏✍➹✚➆✥➌❁➎☎➏❛➂✚➈✍➌✵➏❛➉r➆✥➌❁➄❛➔✯➃❸➏❛➄✿➃❸➏✖➋✥➚♠➈✍➉✿➏❛➂❁➈❳➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❩➻ ➁❳➂❁➈❳➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✯➃❸➌✚➈✍➚♠➃❸➏r➆❫➶❤➒❸➘✆➃❸➌❤➏❛➉❛➋❤➎✚➐✚➊✍➈✍➄✠➄❛➋❭➔✵➈❳➚❭➆❫➉➍➃❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✪➃❸➌☎➏❛➂❁➈❳➎✚➈➡➓ ➒❷➆✍➘✯➋✥➑✰➈✥➆❫➊r➂✯➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉❛➈✍➎✪➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏✍➻✳➁❳➂❤➃❸➄✳➚❭➆✥➉➍➃❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➂➇➆❫➄✿➏❛➉r➆❫➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌➇➆★➒✇➒❷➘ ➶❩➈✍➈❄➌Ý➊★➆★➒✇➒❸➈✍➎✤◆✍➢③↕❦↕❦➙❫➜❛➻✏➁➴➂✚➈☎➉❛➈✍➊✍➈➡➃❸➚❭➈✍➉✵➎✚➈✍➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏➍➃❸à✍➈❄➄✆➏❛➂✚➈✪➎➇➆❫➏r➆❋➆✥➌❁➎ ➏❛➂✚➈✍➌✵➆✥➏❛➏❛➈✍➔✵➅✚➏❛➄❢➏❛➋✖➑❏➆★➃❸➏❛➂❤➑❦➐❤➒✇➒❸➘✵➅❼➒❷➆✍➘✹➶➇➆❫➊r✃✹➏❛➂❁➈✦➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌➇➆★➒❦➻✿➁❳➂❼➃❸➄✻➃❸➄❢➎✚➋♠➌✚➈ ➶❤➘▼➶✚➐❼Þ❙➈✍➉➍➃❸➌❁Ð⑧➏❛➂❁➈✵➃❸➌✚➊✍➋♠➔✯➃❸➌✚Ð❞➎❩➆✥➏r➆✪➏❛➋❋➉❛➈✍➔✵➋✥➚♠➈✏➏❛➂❁➈☎➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃Ñ➃❸➌❤➓ ➎✚➐❁➊✍➈❄➎❂✲➍➃❸➏❛➏❛➈❄➉❢➆❫➌✚➎✂➏❛➂❁➈✍➌✹➉❛➈❄➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➃❸➌✚Ð✯➏❛➂✚➈✳➄➍➃❸Ð❭➌❩➆✍➒☛➆✥➏✻➄❛➋❭➔✵➈✳➎✚➈✍➄➍➃❸Ð❭➌❩➆✥➏❛➈✍➎ Ï❍✥❸➝●❑✲▲■▼➡➝❤➤r➧✖➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✍➻❏☎✠➌❤➘☎➎➇➆❫➏r➆✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏Ò➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚❭➈✍➄✠➶❩➈r➑❦➋♠➉❛➈✹➃❸➏❛➄Ò➆❫➄❛➄❛➋❤➊➡➃❷➆✥➏❛➈✍➎ Ï❍✥❸➝●❑✲▲■▼➡➝❤➤r➧❳➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏✂➊✥➆❫➌❋➶➇➈✵➐❁➄❛➈❄➎Ñ➏❛➋☎➉❛➈✍➊✍➋❭➌❁➄❛➏❛➉❛➐✚➊✍➏✂➏❛➂❁➈✂➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌➇➆★➒✆✰✿➎➇➆❫➏r➆ ➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚♠➃❸➌✚Ð☎➆✍➑❦➏❛➈✍➉✿➏❛➂❁➈✖Ï❍✥❸➝●❑✲▲■▼➡➝❤➤r➧✻➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✖➃❸➄✳➐✚➄❛➈➡➒❸➈✍➄❛➄✳➃❸➌☎➉❛➈✍➊❄➋♠➌✚➄❛➏❛➉❛➐❁➊✍➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð ➏❛➂✚➈✯➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✵➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌➇➆★➒❦➻❖✛❁➋♠➉Ò➏❛➂❁➈✹➅✚➐❁➉❛➅➇➋♠➄❛➈✍➄✂➋❫➑✿➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✹➅❩➆✥➅❩➈✍➉✍➹☛➪✖➈✂➆✥➄➍➓ 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➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✏➅❁➉❛➋✥➚♠➃❸➎✚➈✍➎✸➶❤➘✞➋♠➐✚➉☎➆✥➉❛➊➡➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈♠➹✦➆★➒❸➏❛➂✚➋♠➐✚Ð♠➂→➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✵➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈ ➃❸➄✠➌✚➋♠➏❳➄❛➅❩➈❄➊➡➃✇➽❩➊★➆★➒✇➒❸➘✞➏r➆★➃✇➒❸➋♠➉❛➈❄➎Ñ➏❛➋✵➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉Ò➌❁➈✍➈❄➎❁➄✍➻ ➵❱➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃❋➉❛➈★➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈☎➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✲➂❩➆✍➚♠➈✹➄❛➈❄➚♠➈✍➉r➆✍➒✿➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✂➉❛➈➡➓ ➷❤➐❤➃❸➉❛➈✍➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄❋➏❛➂➇➆❫➏☎➃❸➌❼➑❦➋❭➉❛➔❰➋♠➐✚➉✪➎✚➈✍➄➍➃❸Ð❭➌⑤➅✚➉❛➋♠➅❩➋❭➄r➆★➒❦➻◗✛✧➃❸➉❛➄❛➏✍➹Ò➄➍➃❸➌✚➊✍➈ ➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➈ ➃❸➄✏➋❫➑❦➏❛➈❄➌❑➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈Ñ➃❸➌❤➏❛➈❄➉r➆❫➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✛➶❩➈✍➏❏➪✖➈✍➈✍➌→➏❛➂❁➈✞➏➍➪✖➋⑧➈✍➌❁➎✚➄ ➋❫➑❱➆✥➌✪➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✻➹✰➆✥➄ ➃❸➌ ➆✠➚♠➋❫➃❸➊❄➈✹➊✍➋♠➌❤➚❭➈✍➉❛➄r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✧➹➇➏❛➂❁➈➮➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌ ➅❩➈✍➉➍➑s➋♠➉❛➔☎➆✥➌❁➊✍➈✿➃❸➄✻➄❛➈✍➌✚➄➍➃❸➏➍➃❸➚♠➈❳➏❛➋❳➏❛➂❁➈✿➎➇➆❫➏r➆✖➎❁➈r➒✇➃❸➚♠➈✍➉❛➘✂➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘ ✰❭➃❸➌✯Ð❭➈✍➌❁➈❄➉r➆★➒ ➒❸➋✥➪✖➈✍➉✹➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✪➃❸➄✹➔✯➐✚➊r➂Ñ➅✚➉❛➈➡➑❦➈✍➉r➆✥➶❼➒❸➈❭➻✵➲❤➈✍➊✍➋❭➌❁➎☛➹☛➃❸➌Ñ➋❭➉❛➎❁➈✍➉✹➏❛➋☎➄❛➈✍➏Ò➏❛➂❁➈ ➅❤➒❷➆★➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃▼➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✍➹✳➏❛➂✚➈✏➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊★➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❑➌✚➈✍➈✍➎✚➄✂➏❛➋❋➂❩➆✍➚♠➈☎➄❛➋❭➔✵➈✵➃❸➌❼➑❦➋❭➉➍➓ ➔☎➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✸➭❦➅✚➉❛➈➡➑❦➈✍➉r➆✥➶❼➒❸➘⑧➆❫➌⑧➆❫➶✚➄❛➋❫➒❸➐✚➏❛➈☎➋♠➉✹➄❛➏r➆✥➏➍➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊✥➆★➒❳➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎➇➺✯➆✥➶❩➋♠➐✚➏ ➏❛➂✚➈✹➎❁➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❤➄❳➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➈✥➆❫➊r➂✪➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏➴➪✖➃✇➒✇➒❱➈✍➬❤➅❩➈✍➉➍➃❸➈✍➌✚➊✍➈♠➻✦➁❳➂❼➃❸➉❛➎☛➹❩➄➍➃❸➌✚➊✍➈✲➆★➒✇➒ ➎➇➆❫➏r➆✠➃❸➄➴➶✚➐❤Þ☛➈✍➉❛➈✍➎✏➐❁➌❤➏➍➃✇➒❱➏❛➂❁➈Ò➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃✏➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏✍➹➇➏❛➂❁➈➮➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊★➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✞➃❸➄ ➃❸➌✚➎❼➃✇Þ☛➈❄➉❛➈✍➌❤➏✵➆✥➄❳➏❛➋✵➪❳➂❁➈✍➌❋➎➇➆❫➏r➆✯➃❸➄Ò➎❁➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉❛➈✍➎⑧➆❫➄✖➒❸➋♠➌✚Ð❋➆✥➄✖➃❸➏✹➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚❭➈✍➄ ➶❩➈➡➑s➋♠➉❛➈✂➏❛➂❁➈✂➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃Ñ➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✢❘❁➻❳➁❳➂❤➃❸➄✹➏❛➐❁➉❛➌✚➄✠➋❭➐❁➏Ò➏❛➋✆➶➇➈✵➆✵➊✍➉❛➐✚➊➡➃❷➆★➒ ➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✍➹❩➆✥➄✻➃❸➏✿➆★➒✇➒❸➋✥➪❳➄✖➐✚➄❢➏❛➋✠➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✵➊✍➈✍➉❛➏r➆✍➃❸➌✵➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄✿➪➴➂❤➃❸➊r➂☎➆❫➉❛➈✳➃❸➌✲➌❁➋ ➎➇➆❫➌✚Ð♠➈✍➉✂➋❫➑❳➔✂➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➌❁Ð❋➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉✂➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃⑧➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏✹➃❸➌Ñ➑❏➆✍➚♠➋❭➉✹➋❫➑✦➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄ ➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂→➆❫➉❛➈♠➻✤✛❁➋❭➐❁➉❛➏❛➂☛➹✖➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈☎➅❤➒❷➆★➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃→➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋❤➌❁➄✏➊✥➆❫➌❞➋✥➑❦➏❛➈✍➌ ➏❛➋❫➒❸➈❄➉r➆❫➏❛➈✂➏❛➂❁➈✠➒❸➋❭➄❛➄✠➋❫➑✦➆✂➊✍➈✍➉❛➏r➆★➃❸➌✪➑s➉r➆❫➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❋➋❫➑✿➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❛➄❳➪✖➃❸➏❛➂❋➋♠➌❤➒❸➘❋➆ ➔✯➃❸➌❤➃❸➔☎➆★➒Ò➎❤➃❸➄❛➏❛➋♠➉❛➏➍➃❸➋❭➌Ý➃❸➌❞➏❛➂❁➈☎➄➍➃❸Ð❭➌❩➆✍➒❦➻Ñ➁❳➂✚➈✍➉❛➈➡➑❦➋❭➉❛➈♠➹❢➏❛➂✚➈☎➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃ ➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✵➌❁➈❄➈✍➎❞➌❁➋❭➏✯➶❩➈☎➄❛➋❋➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘♠➈✍➎→➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✵➆✥➶❁➄❛➋✥➒❸➐❁➏❛➈r➒❸➘Ý➈❄➚♠➈✍➉❛➘▼➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏ ➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚❭➈✍➄✠➶➇➈➡➑❦➋♠➉❛➈❄➂❩➆✥➌❁➎☛➻ ✶❉❈✼✶❙❅❯❚✾✺✞❱✖❿❤❽rÛ✚❾❲✺✵Ù●✽✌❳❏✺❨❂ ❿✖❩ ➁❳➂❁➈❳➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✯➃❸➌☎➏❛➂❁➈❳➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✵➎✚➈✍➉➍➃❸➚♠➈❄➄✳➑❦➉❛➋♠➔✽➄❛➈✍➚❭➈✍➉r➆★➒❙➊✥➆❫➐✚➄❛➈✍➄✍➻✿➁❳➂❁➈✍➉❛➈ ➃❸➄✹➃❸➌Ñ➅✚➉r➆❫➊✍➏➍➃❸➊❄➈❋➆➾➒❷➆✥➉❛Ð♠➈✵➽➇➬❤➈✍➎Ñ➊❄➋♠➔✵➅❩➋❭➌❁➈❄➌❤➏✵➏❛➋✪➏❛➂✚➈✵➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘♠➹❢➊✥➆✥➐❁➄❛➈✍➎ ❘ ð✻ì✟✘ è ✘ è❳ñ✻ì✥ç❛ê❦ç❳ñ☛ç❃✘ ÿ✏✙➡ô✏❬rç✹í❦ì✥ç✹é➡è❦è❦ò✟✚✖ó✥í▲✘ ô✍ÿ ✠ ✚✖ç❛ÿ✍í✆✘ ô❄ÿ❫ç❛õ☎ó✥ê❦ç✔✙☛✘ ô❄ò❫è✆✩ ÷ ✠ í❦ì❭é➡í✻í❦ì✥ç✳ê❦ç❛ë❛ç✔✘ ✙➡ç❛ê✰ì♠érè❢è◗ò✏❭Òë✔✘ ç❛ÿ❄í❢ö❫ò☛❁✚ç❛ê❦è✔✪
by the propagation of the packet at the speed of lig ht, and adapt imperceptibly by adjusting silent periods In fact he delay in transmission at each switch point waiting for uch adaptive approaches have been employed in packet ize he entire packet to arrive before commencing the next stage voice applications since the early 77's([28]) of transmission.(Cut-through ne tworks avoid this delay by and VsT([ -5]) packet voice protocols, which are currently starting transmission before receipt is com plete; most packet used to transmit voice on the Internet, are living examp networks are not cut-through. )5 dded to this fixed delay is a of such adaptive applications. It is important to note that of delay related to the adjust to the delivered de lays ally limits to this adapt jitter, is what must be bounded and minimized if adequat ability; for instance, once the delay reaches a certain level is to be achieved it becomes difficult to carry out interactive conversations ueueing is a fundament al consequence of the statistical s not her useful dist inct ion be network clients is how sharing that occurs in packet net works. One way to redu tolerant they are to brief interruptions in service. This le vel jitter might be to elimina te th stical behavior of the of tolerance is not just a function of the application, but Indeed, one misconception is that real-time so also of the end users involved. For instance, a video confe annot be bursty (variable in their transmission rate), but ence allowing one surgeon to remotely assist anot her during must transmit at a fixed invariant rate to achieve a real-time an operation will not be tolerant of any service interrup tion, whereas a video conference-based family reunion migh ransmission rates and to take advantage of statist ical sh happily tolerate interruptions in service (as long as it wa is a advantage of packe ch reflected in a cheaper se e) is thus to bound and characterize the burstiness rather than We can thus characterize network clients along tw It d aptive or rigi d, and tolerant or intolerant. It is unlikely The idea of statistical sharing implies that there are in that an intolerant network client is adaptive, since the adap deed se veral sources using the bandwidth; one cannot share tive process will likely lead, in the event of rapidly changing alone. Our approach to real-time traffic thus looks at the network conditions, to a brief interruption in service while aggregation of traffic as fundament al; the network must be the play-back point is re-adjusting. Furthermore, a tolerant t hat client t better service tha client that is rig id is merely losing the chance to improve its itched or tdM delay. Such a combination of tolerance and rigidity would network)and (2)are protected from the potent ially negative probably reflect the lack of adaptive hardware and soft ware effects of sharing(most obviously the disri which we believe will rd enough t the resource).g with a mis-behaving source that overloads aused by s fairly ubiquitous. We are thus led to the prediction t hat there will be t wo dominant classes of traffic in the rk: intolerant and rigid clients, and tolerant and adaptive g with Ddl clients. We predict that these two classes will likely request om the net work, Th pplication, in order to set its play-back point knowl- these basic considerations about delay and how clients deal n the delay, plus an with it have produced a taxonomy of net work clients th formation forms the nucleus of the net work's service spec Before turning to the issue of service commitments, let ation in the service interface (to be discussed more full us note that one of the key differences bet ween realtim applications and the traditional datagram applications lies Some realtime applications will use priori delay in the nature of the offered traffic. Dat a traffic is typically bound advertised by the network to set the play-back point sporadic and editable. In contrast, real-time appli d will keep the play-back point fixed regardless of the cations often have some int rinsic packet generation process ct ual delays experienced. These we dub rigid applications. which is long lasting compared to the end-to-end delays of For other applications, the receiver will measure the net work the individ ual packets. This process is a consequence of the delay experienced by arriving packets and then adaptively specifics of the application; for exam ple the coding algorithm ove the play-back point to the minimal delay that still pro- for video, along with the nature of the image, will determine uces a sufficiently low loss rate. We call such application the packet generation process. Furthermore, this generation daptive. Notice that adaptive applications will typically process can often be characterized as conforming to some have an earlier play-back point than rigid applications, and traffic filter or bound (such as the token bucket filter which thus will suffer less performance degradation due to delay we describe in Section 4). For instance, the traffic gener This is because the clients estimate of the post facto bound ated by certain video codecs can often be characterized by al delay will likely be less than the a priori bound some peak rate of packet generation. When a net work has ed b rk. On the ot her hand e some knowledge of the traffic load it will have to carry, it he adapt ation process is not perfect and may nally can allocate its resources in a much more efficient manner higher loss ra The idea of adaptive applications is not relevant to 3 sirv uit switched net works, which do not have jitter due to queueing. Thus most real-time devices today, like voice and video codecs, are not adaptive. ,ack of widespread experi- particular client, it know beforeh and some characteri- n that adaptive applications will be tion of the traffic that will be offered by that the network to re liably meet it difficult to build. However, early experiments suggest that it is actually rather easy video can be made to adapt by Yet another example of an early adaptive packet voice applicati dropping or replaying a frame as necessary, and voice can is described in Reference [5]
➶❤➘✏➏❛➂❁➈✂➅✚➉❛➋♠➅➇➆❫Ð❤➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❞➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✂➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✹➆✥➏✠➏❛➂✚➈✯➄❛➅❩➈❄➈✍➎Ñ➋✥➑❢➒✇➃❸Ð♠➂❤➏✍➹✿➆✥➌❁➎ ➏❛➂✚➈✪➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘Ñ➃❸➌❞➏❛➉r➆❫➌✚➄❛➔✯➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋❭➌✫➆❫➏✂➈✥➆❫➊r➂❞➄❛➪Ô➃❸➏❛➊r➂▼➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏☎➪❳➆★➃❸➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð ➑s➋♠➉ ➏❛➂✚➈✖➈✍➌❤➏➍➃❸➉❛➈❳➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✿➏❛➋Ò➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚❭➈➴➶➇➈➡➑❦➋♠➉❛➈❳➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✵➈✍➌✚➊➡➃❸➌✚Ð✹➏❛➂❁➈✦➌❁➈✍➬❤➏✿➄❛➏r➆❫Ð❭➈ ➋✥➑✖➏❛➉r➆✥➌❁➄❛➔✂➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌☛➻✪➭✁❢❮✚↕▲❛↕✒✦❩➜➍➫❤❮❭➛✔✦P➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❤➄✂➆✍➚♠➋✥➃❸➎Ñ➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✹➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘✞➶❤➘ ➄❛➏r➆✥➉❛➏➍➃❸➌❁Ð✹➏❛➉r➆✥➌❁➄❛➔✂➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➶❩➈➡➑❦➋❭➉❛➈✳➉❛➈❄➊✍➈➡➃❸➅✚➏ ➃❸➄❢➊✍➋❭➔✵➅❤➒❸➈✍➏❛➈✒✰❤➔✵➋❭➄❛➏❢➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏ ➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃❤➄✿➆✥➉❛➈✳➌✚➋♠➏❢➊✍➐✚➏➍➓❏➏❛➂❁➉❛➋❭➐❁Ð❭➂✧➻ ➺☛☎Ò➎❁➎✚➈✍➎✂➏❛➋➴➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✻➽➇➬❤➈✍➎✵➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✠➃❸➄✿➆ ➚❭➆✥➉➍➃❷➆❫➶❤➒❸➈✠➆✥➔✵➋♠➐✚➌❤➏❢➋❫➑➇➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✯➉❛➈➡➒❷➆✥➏❛➈✍➎✂➏❛➋➴➏❛➂✚➈✖➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✦➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✻➈✥➆✥➊➡➂✂➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏ ➄❛➅➇➈✍➌❁➎✚➄✠➃❸➌❋➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✲➷❤➐❁➈✍➐✚➈✍➄❳➃❸➌Ñ➏❛➂✚➈✹➄❛➪✖➃❸➏❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➄✍➻Ò➁➴➂❤➃❸➄✠➚❭➆✥➉➍➃❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☛➹✰➋♠➉ ◆❄➢③↕❦↕◗➙✥➜❛➹❤➃❸➄✠➪❳➂❩➆✥➏✠➔✂➐❁➄❛➏Ò➶❩➈✹➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎❁➈❄➎❞➆❫➌✚➎❋➔✯➃❸➌❤➃❸➔✯➃❸à✍➈✍➎Ñ➃✇➑Ô➆❫➎✚➈✍➷❤➐➇➆❫➏❛➈ ➉❛➈★➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✂➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➃❸➄❳➏❛➋✵➶❩➈✂➆✥➊➡➂❤➃❸➈✍➚❭➈✍➎✧➻ ✂✠➐✚➈✍➐❁➈r➃❸➌❁Ð✯➃❸➄Ô➆➴➑❦➐❁➌✚➎➇➆❫➔✵➈✍➌❤➏r➆✍➒✰➊✍➋♠➌✚➄❛➈✍➷❤➐✚➈✍➌❁➊❄➈✹➋❫➑✰➏❛➂❁➈Ò➄❛➏r➆❫➏➍➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊✥➆✍➒ ➄❛➂➇➆❫➉➍➃❸➌✚Ð✪➏❛➂➇➆❫➏Ò➋❤➊✍➊✍➐✚➉❛➄➴➃❸➌❋➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏Ò➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❤➄✍➻✾✫✠➌✚➈✹➪❳➆✍➘✆➏❛➋☎➉❛➈✍➎✚➐✚➊✍➈ ✲❏➃❸➏❛➏❛➈✍➉✯➔✂➃❸Ð♠➂❤➏✵➶❩➈✏➏❛➋❋➈➡➒✇➃❸➔✯➃❸➌➇➆❫➏❛➈❋➏❛➂✚➈✪➄❛➏r➆✥➏➍➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊✥➆★➒Ò➶❩➈✍➂➇➆✍➚♠➃❸➋♠➉☎➋❫➑Ò➏❛➂✚➈ ➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊❄➈✍➄✍➻✿➯➍➌✚➎❁➈✍➈❄➎✧➹✚➋♠➌✚➈✠➔✂➃❸➄❛➊✍➋♠➌✚➊✍➈✍➅✚➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✪➃❸➄✖➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✿➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓➍➏➍➃❸➔✲➈✠➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✍➄ ➊★➆❫➌✚➌❁➋❭➏✯➶❩➈☎➶✚➐❁➉❛➄❛➏❏➘Ý➭❦➚❭➆✥➉➍➃❷➆❫➶❤➒❸➈✆➃❸➌▼➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉✂➏❛➉r➆❫➌✚➄❛➔✯➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌❞➉r➆❫➏❛➈★➺➡➹❢➶❁➐✚➏ ➔✂➐✚➄❛➏❢➏❛➉r➆❫➌✚➄❛➔✯➃❸➏❳➆❫➏✿➆✖➽❩➬❤➈❄➎✯➃❸➌❤➚❭➆❫➉➍➃❷➆❫➌❤➏✦➉r➆❫➏❛➈✖➏❛➋➮➆❫➊r➂❼➃❸➈✍➚❭➈✹➆❳➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈ ➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈♠➻✖➼✞➈✠➉❛➈✲❛➈✍➊✍➏✖➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✖➃❸➎❁➈★➆ ✰☛➆✍➒✇➒❸➋✥➪Ô➃❸➌✚Ð☎➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✍➄❳➏❛➋✂➂❩➆✍➚♠➈Ò➶❁➐✚➉❛➄❛➏➍➘ ➏❛➉r➆✥➌❁➄❛➔✂➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌✞➉r➆❫➏❛➈✍➄❳➆✥➌❁➎☎➏❛➋✂➏r➆❫✃❭➈✹➆❫➎✚➚❭➆❫➌❤➏r➆✥Ð♠➈✹➋❫➑❱➄❛➏r➆❫➏➍➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊✥➆✍➒❢➄❛➂➇➆❫➉➍➓ ➃❸➌✚Ð✵➃❸➄Ò➆P➔☎➆☛✲❛➋❭➉✠➆✥➎❁➚❭➆✥➌❤➏r➆❫Ð♠➈✂➋❫➑❱➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❳➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❤➄✍➻ ✫✠➐✚➉Ò➆❫➅✚➅❁➉❛➋ä➆❫➊r➂ ➃❸➄✿➏❛➂❤➐✚➄❢➏❛➋✠➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎☎➆❫➌✚➎✂➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✍➈❳➏❛➂✚➈✖➶❁➐✚➉❛➄❛➏➍➃❸➌✚➈✍➄❛➄✍➹✚➉r➆❫➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✳➏❛➂➇➆❫➌ ➈r➒✇➃❸➔✯➃❸➌❩➆✥➏❛➈✵➃❸➏✍➻ ➁❳➂❁➈✹➃❸➎✚➈✥➆✵➋❫➑✦➄❛➏r➆❫➏➍➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊✥➆✍➒✖➄❛➂➇➆❫➉➍➃❸➌✚Ð✆➃❸➔✵➅❤➒✇➃❸➈✍➄✂➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➈✲➆❫➉❛➈✹➃❸➌❼➓ ➎✚➈✍➈✍➎✏➄❛➈✍➚♠➈❄➉r➆★➒✰➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✍➄Ò➐❁➄➍➃❸➌✚Ð✵➏❛➂✚➈✹➶❩➆✥➌❁➎✚➪✖➃❸➎❁➏❛➂✍✰☛➋♠➌✚➈✹➊✥➆❫➌✚➌✚➋♠➏❳➄❛➂❩➆✥➉❛➈ ➆✍➒❸➋♠➌✚➈♠➻ ✫✠➐❁➉➾➆❫➅✚➅❁➉❛➋ä➆❫➊r➂Ý➏❛➋❋➉❛➈★➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✪➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊☎➏❛➂❤➐❁➄✂➒❸➋❤➋♠✃❤➄☎➆✥➏✯➏❛➂✚➈ ➆✥Ð♠Ð❭➉❛➈✍Ð❤➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌▼➋✥➑✖➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✵➆✥➄➴➑❦➐✚➌✚➎❩➆✥➔✵➈✍➌❤➏r➆★➒✆✰❱➏❛➂❁➈✂➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✪➔✂➐❁➄❛➏Ò➶❩➈ ➄❛➂➇➆❫➉❛➈❄➎✆➃❸➌✪➄❛➐✚➊r➂❋➆✹➪❳➆✍➘✯➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✹➭✢✂★➺✳Ð♠➈✍➏✦➶❩➈✍➏❛➏❛➈✍➉✖➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➏❛➂➇➆❫➌ ➃✇➑Ò➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➈☎➪✖➈✍➉❛➈☎➌✚➋❋➄❛➂❩➆✥➉➍➃❸➌❁Ð✸➭❏➆✥➄✠➃❸➌→➆✪➊➡➃❸➉❛➊✍➐❤➃❸➏✵➄❛➪✖➃❸➏❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎❞➋♠➉✂➁Òá✠â ➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✚➺❢➆✥➌❁➎✪➭ ✮❭➺✻➆✥➉❛➈✖➅❁➉❛➋❭➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➈✍➎✂➑❦➉❛➋♠➔✛➏❛➂✚➈✖➅❩➋❭➏❛➈✍➌❤➏➍➃❷➆★➒✇➒❸➘☎➌✚➈✍Ð❤➆✥➏➍➃❸➚♠➈ ➈rÞ☛➈✍➊✍➏❛➄✂➋❫➑❳➄❛➂➇➆❫➉➍➃❸➌✚Ð▼➭❦➔✵➋❭➄❛➏✹➋♠➶❤➚♠➃❸➋♠➐✚➄➍➒❸➘❞➏❛➂❁➈✲➎❼➃❸➄❛➉❛➐✚➅❁➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✸➋✥➑❳➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈ ➊★➆❫➐✚➄❛➈✍➎✵➶❤➘✹➄❛➂➇➆❫➉➍➃❸➌✚Ð✯➪✖➃❸➏❛➂✲➆➴➔✯➃❸➄➍➓❏➶❩➈✍➂➇➆✍➚♠➃❸➌❁Ð✲➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✖➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❢➋✥➚♠➈✍➉➍➒❸➋ä➆❫➎✚➄ ➏❛➂✚➈✹➉❛➈✍➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊✍➈★➺➡➻ ✶❉❈ ✄ ❳❏✺♠❿❃❂ Ü❸Ø✆☎✞✝❳Ü✇❽ ❚✪❳❏✺●❂ ❿✬❩ ☎Ò➌→➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☛➹✠➃❸➌❞➋♠➉❛➎✚➈✍➉✵➏❛➋✞➄❛➈✍➏✯➃❸➏❛➄✵➅❤➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃❞➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✆✃❤➌✚➋✥➪✖➒✇➓ ➈❄➎❁Ð❭➈✥➆❫➶❤➒❸➘♠➹❢➌✚➈✍➈✍➎✚➄✹➏❛➋✪✃❤➌✚➋✥➪✛➄❛➋♠➔✵➈✲➶❩➋♠➐✚➌❁➎⑧➋♠➌❋➏❛➂✚➈✵➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘❭➹✻➅❤➒❸➐❁➄✲➆❫➌ ➈❄➄❛➏➍➃❸➔☎➆❫➏❛➈Ò➋❫➑✰➏❛➂❁➈✖➑❦➉r➆✥➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➋✥➑☛➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄✖➔✯➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➌✚Ð✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✿➶❩➋♠➐✚➌✚➎✧➻✦➁➴➂❤➃❸➄ ➃❸➌❤➑❦➋❭➉❛➔☎➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✪➑❦➋♠➉❛➔✵➄✿➏❛➂✚➈✠➌❤➐✚➊➡➒❸➈✍➐✚➄➴➋✥➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✠➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃ ✳ ➄✳➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈✹➄❛➅❩➈✍➊➡➓ ➃✇➽➇➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌Ñ➃❸➌❋➏❛➂✚➈✯➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉➍➑❏➆✥➊✍➈☎➭❦➏❛➋✆➶➇➈✹➎❼➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄❛➈✍➎▼➔✲➋♠➉❛➈✹➑❦➐❼➒✇➒❸➘ ➃❸➌✞➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✞✧♠➺➡➻ ➲❤➋♠➔✵➈✞➉❛➈✥➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈⑧➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❩➄Ñ➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✂➐✚➄❛➈✞➆❫➌✽➝✪Ï✰➜r➢③➫❤➜➡➢✿➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘ ➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎✞➆✥➎❁➚❭➈✍➉❛➏➍➃❸➄❛➈✍➎❋➶❤➘☎➏❛➂❁➈✹➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✵➏❛➋✲➄❛➈✍➏✖➏❛➂✚➈✹➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃✏➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏ ➆✥➌❁➎✫➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✵✃❭➈✍➈✍➅❑➏❛➂✚➈Ñ➅❤➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃✫➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏❋➽➇➬❤➈✍➎❑➉❛➈✍Ð❤➆✥➉❛➎❼➒❸➈❄➄❛➄Ñ➋✥➑✵➏❛➂✚➈ ➆✥➊✍➏❛➐➇➆★➒❢➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❤➄❳➈✍➬❤➅❩➈✍➉➍➃❸➈❄➌❁➊✍➈❄➎✧➻❳➁❳➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✹➪✖➈✠➎✚➐✚➶▼➜r➢✇➛❤➢③➞✠➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❩➄✍➻ ✛✚➋♠➉❢➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✿➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✍➹➇➏❛➂❁➈✦➉❛➈✍➊✍➈➡➃❸➚❭➈✍➉✳➪✖➃✇➒✇➒➇➔✵➈✥➆✥➄❛➐❁➉❛➈✖➏❛➂✚➈✖➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃ ➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘▼➈✍➬❤➅➇➈✍➉➍➃❸➈✍➌✚➊✍➈✍➎✸➶❤➘⑧➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚♠➃❸➌✚Ð✞➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄✵➆✥➌❁➎❞➏❛➂✚➈✍➌❞➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏➍➃❸➚❭➈➡➒❸➘ ➔✲➋❫➚❭➈✖➏❛➂✚➈✖➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃✵➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏✿➏❛➋✠➏❛➂✚➈✖➔✯➃❸➌❤➃❸➔☎➆✍➒☛➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘✂➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❢➄❛➏➍➃✇➒✇➒☛➅✚➉❛➋❫➓ ➎✚➐✚➊✍➈✍➄✂➆✯➄❛➐❤Ó☎➊➡➃❸➈✍➌❤➏➍➒❸➘❋➒❸➋✥➪⑤➒❸➋♠➄❛➄✹➉r➆✥➏❛➈♠➻❳➼✞➈✹➊✥➆★➒✇➒✿➄❛➐✚➊➡➂⑧➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄ ➝❤➞❤➝➡Ï✰↕❦➢③➠✥➙✍➻→➸➴➋❭➏➍➃❸➊✍➈✞➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✪➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏➍➃❸➚❭➈❞➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❩➄Ñ➪✖➃✇➒✇➒➮➏➍➘❤➅❤➃❸➊✥➆★➒✇➒❸➘ ➂➇➆✍➚♠➈✲➆❫➌✏➈✥➆❫➉➍➒✇➃❸➈✍➉Ò➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃❋➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏Ò➏❛➂❩➆✥➌✪➉➍➃❸Ð❫➃❸➎⑧➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✍➹✿➆✥➌❁➎ ➏❛➂❤➐✚➄✂➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒Ô➄❛➐❼Þ☛➈❄➉P➒❸➈✍➄❛➄✂➅❩➈✍➉➍➑s➋♠➉❛➔☎➆✥➌❁➊✍➈✏➎❁➈❄Ð♠➉r➆❫➎➇➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❞➎❁➐✚➈☎➏❛➋✪➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘♠➻ ➁❳➂❤➃❸➄✖➃❸➄✖➶❩➈✍➊✥➆✥➐❁➄❛➈✹➏❛➂✚➈✠➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏☛✳ ➄Ò➈✍➄❛➏➍➃❸➔☎➆✥➏❛➈✹➋❫➑✰➏❛➂❁➈❳Ï➇➫♠➥✍↕✆✟✍➝❤➤✥↕❦➫✖➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎ ➋❭➌❞➆❫➊❄➏❛➐❩➆✍➒❳➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘⑧➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒✦➒✇➃❸✃♠➈➡➒❸➘❞➶❩➈✯➒❸➈❄➄❛➄✵➏❛➂❩➆✥➌▼➏❛➂✚➈Ñ➝✯Ï✰➜r➢③➫❤➜r➢✻➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎ ➅✚➉❛➈➡➓❏➊✍➋❭➔✵➅❁➐✚➏❛➈✍➎✫➶❤➘❞➏❛➂❁➈✞➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❩➻ ✫✠➌✸➏❛➂✚➈❋➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✏➂❩➆✥➌❁➎☛➹✠➄➍➃❸➌✚➊✍➈ ➏❛➂✚➈✲➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❞➅✚➉❛➋❤➊✍➈✍➄❛➄❳➃❸➄✹➌❁➋❭➏✹➅❩➈✍➉➍➑❦➈✍➊❄➏✹➆❫➌✚➎❋➔☎➆✍➘❋➋❤➊✍➊✥➆✥➄➍➃❸➋♠➌➇➆★➒✇➒❸➘ ➄❛➈❄➏➴➏❛➂✚➈✹➅❤➒❷➆★➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃✪➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✹➏❛➋❤➋✯➈★➆❫➉➍➒❸➘♠➹✰➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏➍➃❸➚❭➈✵➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❤➌✚➄✂➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒ ➒✇➃❸✃❭➈➡➒❸➘✞➈✍➬❤➅❩➈✍➉➍➃❸➈✍➌✚➊✍➈✲➆✯➂❤➃❸Ð♠➂✚➈✍➉✠➒❸➋♠➄❛➄Ò➉r➆❫➏❛➈♠➻ ➁❳➂❁➈✂➃❸➎❁➈✥➆☎➋❫➑Ô➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✏➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❤➌✚➄✯➃❸➄✹➌✚➋♠➏✹➉❛➈➡➒❸➈✍➚❭➆✥➌❤➏✯➏❛➋☎➊➡➃❸➉➍➓ ➊❄➐❼➃❸➏✞➄❛➪✖➃❸➏❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✛➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❤➄✍➹✂➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂✛➎✚➋❑➌❁➋❭➏❋➂❩➆✍➚♠➈❋✲➍➃❸➏❛➏❛➈❄➉Ñ➎✚➐❁➈⑧➏❛➋ ➷❤➐✚➈✍➐✚➈➡➃❸➌✚Ð❁➻❳➁❳➂❤➐❁➄✦➔✵➋♠➄❛➏✖➉❛➈★➆★➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✹➎✚➈✍➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✍➄❳➏❛➋❤➎➇➆★➘❭➹❼➒✇➃❸✃❭➈✯➚❭➋❫➃❸➊✍➈✂➆✥➌❁➎ ➚♠➃❸➎✚➈✍➋❋➊✍➋❤➎✚➈✍➊✍➄✍➹✰➆✥➉❛➈✯➌✚➋♠➏✂➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏➍➃❸➚❭➈♠➻✵✳✰➆❫➊r✃❋➋❫➑✿➪✖➃❸➎❁➈❄➄❛➅❁➉❛➈✥➆✥➎▼➈✍➬❤➅❩➈❄➉➍➃✇➓ ➈❄➌❁➊✍➈✦➔☎➆✍➘✠➉r➆★➃❸➄❛➈✦➏❛➂❁➈✖➊❄➋♠➌✚➊✍➈✍➉❛➌✂➏❛➂❩➆✥➏❢➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈Ò➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❤➌✚➄✖➪✖➃✇➒✇➒➇➶❩➈ ➎❤➃✇Ó☎➊✍➐❤➒❸➏✵➏❛➋☎➶✚➐❼➃✇➒❸➎☛➻✏ß➴➋✥➪✖➈✍➚❭➈✍➉✍➹✰➈✥➆❫➉➍➒❸➘❋➈✍➬❤➅➇➈✍➉➍➃❸➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✵➄❛➐✚Ð♠Ð❭➈✍➄❛➏✹➏❛➂➇➆❫➏ ➃❸➏✹➃❸➄✲➆❫➊✍➏❛➐➇➆★➒✇➒❸➘▼➉r➆✥➏❛➂❁➈❄➉✯➈✥➆✥➄❛➘♠➻✡✠➴➃❸➎✚➈✍➋❋➊✥➆✥➌▼➶❩➈☎➔☎➆✥➎❁➈☎➏❛➋❋➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏✂➶❤➘ ➎✚➉❛➋♠➅✚➅❤➃❸➌❁Ð▼➋❭➉✯➉❛➈❄➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➃❸➌✚Ð✸➆✆➑s➉r➆❫➔✵➈✏➆❫➄✂➌✚➈✍➊✍➈✍➄❛➄r➆✥➉❛➘♠➹✦➆❫➌✚➎Ý➚❭➋❫➃❸➊✍➈✏➊✥➆❫➌ ➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏✆➃❸➔✲➅❩➈✍➉❛➊✍➈✍➅✚➏➍➃❸➶❤➒③➘✫➶❤➘❑➆✥➎✣✲❛➐✚➄❛➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð❑➄➍➃✇➒❸➈✍➌❤➏❋➅❩➈✍➉➍➃❸➋❤➎✚➄✍➻✔➯❏➌✸➑❏➆❫➊❄➏✍➹ ➄❛➐✚➊➡➂✏➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✂➆✥➅❁➅✚➉❛➋❤➆✥➊➡➂✚➈✍➄❳➂➇➆★➚❭➈✠➶❩➈❄➈✍➌☎➈✍➔✵➅❤➒❸➋❫➘❭➈✍➎✆➃❸➌☎➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏➍➃❸à❄➈✍➎ ➚♠➋✥➃❸➊✍➈✞➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄❋➄➍➃❸➌✚➊✍➈❋➏❛➂✚➈✪➈✥➆✥➉➍➒❸➘ ✣ ✕ ✳ ➄✆➭✢✍ ✮✖✝✏✎❦➺❀✰✦➏❛➂❁➈☛✠✠➁ ➭✢✍ ✮✏✎❦➺ ➆❫➌✚➎☞✠✯☎✳➁✽➭✢✍✰✂✭✗✭✎s➺✖➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✹➚♠➋✥➃❸➊✍➈✵➅✚➉❛➋♠➏❛➋❤➊✍➋✥➒❸➄✍➹❢➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂▼➆✥➉❛➈✵➊✍➐✚➉❛➉❛➈✍➌❤➏➍➒❸➘ ➐✚➄❛➈✍➎Ñ➏❛➋☎➏❛➉r➆✥➌❁➄❛➔✯➃❸➏✹➚❭➋❫➃❸➊✍➈✲➋♠➌❋➏❛➂✚➈✯➯❏➌❤➏❛➈✍➉❛➌❁➈❄➏✍➹❢➆✥➉❛➈P➒✇➃❸➚♠➃❸➌✚ÐÑ➈❄➬✚➆❫➔✵➅❤➒❸➈✍➄ ➋❫➑✿➄❛➐✚➊r➂❋➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈➾➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❩➄✍✌❩➻✿➯❏➏Ô➃❸➄✖➃❸➔✵➅➇➋♠➉❛➏r➆❫➌❤➏✹➏❛➋✲➌❁➋❭➏❛➈✹➏❛➂❩➆✥➏ ➪❳➂❼➃✇➒❸➈✏➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏➍➃❸➚❭➈✪➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋❤➌❁➄☎➊✥➆✥➌▼➆✥➎✣✲❛➐✚➄❛➏✹➏❛➋☎➏❛➂❁➈✲➎❁➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉❛➈✍➎❞➎✚➈➡➓ 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➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☛➹❤➪❳➂✚➈✍➉❛➈✥➆❫➄✦➆➴➚♠➃❸➎✚➈✍➋✂➊✍➋♠➌❤➑❦➈✍➉❛➈❄➌❁➊✍➈r➓➍➶➇➆❫➄❛➈❄➎➾➑◗➆❫➔✯➃✇➒❸➘✂➉❛➈✍➐✚➌❼➃❸➋❭➌✆➔✂➃❸Ð♠➂❤➏ ➂➇➆❫➅✚➅❼➃✇➒❸➘→➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➏❛➈➾➃❸➌❤➏❛➈❄➉❛➉❛➐❁➅✚➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✆➃❸➌❞➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✞➭❏➆❫➄✹➒❸➋♠➌✚Ð▼➆✥➄P➃❸➏✂➪❳➆✥➄ ➉❛➈➡➱➇➈✍➊✍➏❛➈✍➎✪➃❸➌✞➆✂➊➡➂✚➈✥➆❫➅➇➈✍➉❳➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✵➉r➆✥➏❛➈✥➺➡➻ ➼Ñ➈❳➊✥➆✥➌✆➏❛➂❤➐✚➄✿➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✍➈✹➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✂➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄Ò➆★➒❸➋❭➌❁Ð✂➏➍➪✖➋✂➆✥➬❤➈✍➄✍❒ ➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✏➋♠➉✹➉➍➃❸Ð✥➃❸➎✧➹Ô➆❫➌✚➎▼➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➌❤➏✯➋❭➉✠➃❸➌❤➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➌❤➏✍➻❋➯➍➏✠➃❸➄✂➐✚➌❼➒✇➃❸✃❭➈➡➒❸➘ ➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✦➆❫➌✹➃❸➌❤➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➌❤➏✖➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✯➊➡➒✇➃❸➈❄➌❤➏✳➃❸➄✿➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈♠➹➇➄➍➃❸➌❁➊❄➈➴➏❛➂✚➈❳➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❼➓ ➏➍➃❸➚♠➈Ò➅❁➉❛➋❤➊❄➈✍➄❛➄❳➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒☛➒✇➃❸✃❭➈➡➒❸➘✆➒❸➈✥➆✥➎✧➹✚➃❸➌☎➏❛➂❁➈Ò➈✍➚♠➈✍➌❤➏✦➋❫➑✰➉r➆❫➅❤➃❸➎❼➒❸➘✏➊➡➂➇➆❫➌✚Ð❫➃❸➌✚Ð ➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❋➊✍➋♠➌✚➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✍➹✖➏❛➋❋➆☎➶❁➉➍➃❸➈r➑✖➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➉❛➉❛➐✚➅❁➏➍➃❸➋❭➌Ý➃❸➌▼➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈✆➪❳➂❤➃✇➒❸➈ ➏❛➂✚➈✠➅❤➒❷➆★➘♠➓❏➶➇➆❫➊r✃✪➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✖➃❸➄➴➉❛➈r➓❛➆✥➎✣✲➳➐❁➄❛➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð❁➻❯✛❁➐❁➉❛➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➔✵➋❭➉❛➈♠➹☛➆✹➏❛➋❫➒❸➈❄➉r➆❫➌❤➏ ➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❳➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✳➃❸➄✦➉➍➃❸Ð❫➃❸➎✆➃❸➄✦➔✵➈✍➉❛➈➡➒❸➘✵➒❸➋♠➄➍➃❸➌✚Ð✵➏❛➂✚➈✠➊r➂❩➆✥➌❁➊❄➈✠➏❛➋✹➃❸➔✵➅❁➉❛➋✥➚❭➈✠➃❸➏❛➄ ➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘♠➻❋➲❤➐✚➊➡➂→➆✆➊❄➋♠➔✂➶❼➃❸➌➇➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✸➋❫➑Ô➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➌❁➊✍➈ ➆❫➌✚➎▼➉➍➃❸Ð❫➃❸➎❤➃❸➏➍➘❞➪✖➋❭➐❼➒❸➎ ➅✚➉❛➋♠➶➇➆❫➶❤➒❸➘✆➉❛➈r➱❩➈✍➊❄➏✖➏❛➂❁➈✖➒❷➆✥➊➡✃✵➋✥➑❱➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✠➂➇➆❫➉❛➎✚➪❳➆✥➉❛➈✹➆❫➌✚➎☎➄❛➋❫➑❦➏❏➪❳➆❫➉❛➈❭➹ ➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂☎➪✖➈❳➶❩➈➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➚❭➈✠➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✰➄❛➋❤➋♠➌☎➶❩➈❳➊r➂❁➈✥➆✥➅✏➆❫➌✚➎✆➄❛➏r➆✥➌❁➎➇➆❫➉❛➎☎➈✍➌✚➋♠➐✚Ð♠➂☎➏❛➋ ➶❩➈✍➊❄➋♠➔✵➈✠➑❏➆✍➃❸➉➍➒❸➘✪➐✚➶❼➃❸➷❤➐❤➃❸➏❛➋♠➐✚➄✍➻Ò➼Ñ➈✂➆✥➉❛➈✠➏❛➂❤➐✚➄Ô➒❸➈❄➎❋➏❛➋✯➏❛➂✚➈✹➅❁➉❛➈❄➎❼➃❸➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌ ➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✖➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➈✹➪✖➃✇➒✇➒❢➶❩➈Ò➏➍➪✖➋✂➎✚➋♠➔✯➃❸➌➇➆❫➌❤➏Ò➊➡➒❷➆❫➄❛➄❛➈✍➄Ò➋❫➑✰➏❛➉r➆★Ó➾➊✠➃❸➌✪➏❛➂✚➈✠➌✚➈✍➏➍➓ ➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❩❒✻➃❸➌❤➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➌❤➏❳➆❫➌✚➎☎➉➍➃❸Ð❫➃❸➎☎➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➹➇➆✥➌❁➎✵➏❛➋✥➒❸➈✍➉r➆❫➌❤➏Ô➆❫➌✚➎☎➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈ ➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➻✦➼Ñ➈✹➅✚➉❛➈✍➎❤➃❸➊✍➏✠➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✦➏❛➂❁➈✍➄❛➈✹➏❏➪✖➋✂➊➡➒❷➆❫➄❛➄❛➈✍➄Ò➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✻➒✇➃❸✃♠➈r➒❸➘✪➉❛➈✍➷❤➐✚➈✍➄❛➏ ➚♠➈❄➉❛➘✯➎❤➃✇Þ☛➈✍➉❛➈✍➌❤➏✦➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❳➊✍➋♠➔✲➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✳➑s➉❛➋♠➔✛➏❛➂✚➈❳➌❁➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃❩➻❱➁➴➂❤➐✚➄✍➹ ➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✹➶❩➆✥➄➍➃❸➊✵➊✍➋❭➌❁➄➍➃❸➎✚➈✍➉r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✲➆❫➶➇➋♠➐✚➏✠➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❋➆❫➌✚➎✪➂✚➋✥➪⑤➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✹➎❁➈★➆★➒ ➪✖➃❸➏❛➂Ñ➃❸➏✵➂➇➆✍➚♠➈☎➅❁➉❛➋❤➎✚➐✚➊✍➈✍➎→➆✪➏r➆❫➬❤➋❭➌❁➋❭➔✯➘▼➋✥➑❳➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃Ñ➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄☎➏❛➂❩➆✥➏ Ð♠➐❤➃❸➎✚➈✍➄✹➏❛➂❁➈✹Ð❭➋❤➆✍➒❸➄✠➋❫➑✿➋❭➐❁➉Ò➆✥➉❛➊➡➂❤➃❸➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈♠➻ ✎✳➈➡➑❦➋❭➉❛➈✵➏❛➐❁➉❛➌❤➃❸➌✚ÐÑ➏❛➋✏➏❛➂❁➈✵➃❸➄❛➄❛➐✚➈✆➋✥➑❳➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈☎➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈❄➌❤➏❛➄✍➹ ➒❸➈❄➏ ➐✚➄✆➌✚➋♠➏❛➈❋➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✏➋♠➌✚➈❋➋❫➑➮➏❛➂❁➈✞✃♠➈✍➘❞➎❤➃✇Þ☛➈✍➉❛➈✍➌✚➊✍➈✍➄❋➶➇➈✍➏➍➪✖➈❄➈✍➌✸➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈ ➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❩➄✏➆❫➌✚➎Ñ➏❛➂✚➈✵➏❛➉r➆❫➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌➇➆★➒Ò➎➇➆❫➏r➆✥Ð♠➉r➆❫➔ ➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❩➄✵➒✇➃❸➈✍➄ ➃❸➌✞➏❛➂❁➈✂➌❩➆✥➏❛➐❁➉❛➈✲➋❫➑✦➏❛➂❁➈✂➋❫Þ☛➈❄➉❛➈✍➎Ñ➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊♠➻✂áÒ➆❫➏r➆✵➏❛➉r➆★Ó➾➊✯➃❸➄✠➏❏➘❤➅❼➃❸➊✥➆✍➒✇➒❸➘ ➄❛➅❩➋❭➉r➆❫➎❤➃❸➊✸➆✥➌❁➎❑➐✚➌✚➅❁➉❛➈✍➎❤➃❸➊✍➏r➆✥➶❼➒❸➈♠➻ ➯❏➌❑➊✍➋♠➌❤➏❛➉r➆✥➄❛➏✍➹✠➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➓❏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈❞➆❫➅✚➅❤➒✇➃✇➓ ➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✹➋❫➑❦➏❛➈✍➌❋➂➇➆✍➚♠➈✵➄❛➋❭➔✵➈✹➃❸➌❤➏❛➉➍➃❸➌❁➄➍➃❸➊☎➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✹Ð❭➈✍➌❁➈❄➉r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✞➅✚➉❛➋❤➊✍➈✍➄❛➄ ➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂❋➃❸➄P➒❸➋❭➌❁Ð☎➒❷➆❫➄❛➏➍➃❸➌✚ÐÑ➊✍➋❭➔✵➅➇➆❫➉❛➈✍➎▼➏❛➋☎➏❛➂✚➈✵➈✍➌✚➎❼➓❏➏❛➋✥➓➍➈❄➌❁➎✞➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘❤➄✂➋❫➑ ➏❛➂✚➈➴➃❸➌✚➎❼➃❸➚♠➃❸➎❩➐➇➆★➒✦➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❛➄✍➻✿➁❳➂❼➃❸➄❳➅✚➉❛➋❤➊✍➈✍➄❛➄✖➃❸➄Ò➆P➊❄➋♠➌✚➄❛➈✍➷❤➐❁➈❄➌❁➊✍➈✂➋❫➑❱➏❛➂❁➈ ➄❛➅❩➈✍➊r➃✇➽❩➊✍➄✿➋❫➑✚➏❛➂✚➈✦➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋❤➌✛✰✚➑❦➋♠➉☛➈✍➬✚➆✥➔✵➅❤➒❸➈➴➏❛➂✚➈✿➊✍➋❤➎❼➃❸➌✚Ð✹➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➑❦➋❭➉❢➚♠➃❸➎❁➈✍➋✚➹☛➆✍➒❸➋♠➌✚Ð✯➪✖➃❸➏❛➂✵➏❛➂✚➈✖➌➇➆❫➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✠➋❫➑❙➏❛➂❁➈✖➃❸➔☎➆✥Ð♠➈♠➹✚➪✖➃✇➒✇➒☛➎✚➈✍➏❛➈✍➉❛➔✯➃❸➌✚➈ ➏❛➂✚➈➴➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏✖Ð♠➈✍➌✚➈✍➉r➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✪➅✚➉❛➋❤➊✍➈✍➄❛➄✍➻★✛❁➐✚➉❛➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➔✵➋♠➉❛➈❭➹❤➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✦Ð♠➈✍➌✚➈✍➉r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌ ➅✚➉❛➋❤➊✍➈✍➄❛➄☎➊✥➆❫➌❞➋✥➑❦➏❛➈✍➌❞➶❩➈❋➊r➂❩➆✥➉r➆❫➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à❄➈✍➎❑➆✥➄✵➊✍➋♠➌❤➑❦➋❭➉❛➔✯➃❸➌❁Ð❞➏❛➋✞➄❛➋♠➔✵➈ ➏❛➉r➆★Ó➾➊✠➽❁➒❸➏❛➈✍➉❳➋❭➉➴➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎▼➭❦➄❛➐✚➊➡➂ ➆❫➄❳➏❛➂✚➈✹➏❛➋♠✃♠➈❄➌✪➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈✍➏❳➽❁➒❸➏❛➈❄➉➴➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂ ➪✖➈☎➎✚➈✍➄❛➊✍➉➍➃❸➶❩➈❋➃❸➌→➲❼➈✍➊❄➏➍➃❸➋♠➌ ✟ä➺➡➻✫✛❁➋❭➉P➃❸➌✚➄❛➏r➆❫➌✚➊✍➈♠➹❳➏❛➂✚➈✪➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✪Ð❭➈✍➌✚➈✍➉➍➓ ➆❫➏❛➈❄➎Ñ➶❤➘❋➊✍➈❄➉❛➏r➆★➃❸➌✞➚♠➃❸➎❁➈✍➋❋➊❄➋❤➎❁➈✍➊❄➄✹➊✥➆❫➌✞➋❫➑❦➏❛➈❄➌Ñ➶❩➈✲➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✍➈✍➎⑧➶❤➘ ➄❛➋♠➔✲➈✵➅❩➈✥➆✥✃❋➉r➆❫➏❛➈✂➋❫➑❳➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✹Ð❭➈✍➌✚➈✍➉r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✧➻✲➼✸➂✚➈✍➌▼➆☎➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❋➂❩➆✥➄ ➄❛➋♠➔✲➈✆✃❤➌✚➋✥➪✖➒❸➈✍➎❁Ð❭➈✪➋✥➑✠➏❛➂✚➈☎➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊✵➒❸➋ä➆❫➎▼➃❸➏✯➪✖➃✇➒✇➒❳➂➇➆✍➚♠➈✏➏❛➋✪➊✥➆✥➉❛➉❛➘♠➹❢➃❸➏ ➊✥➆✥➌❋➆★➒✇➒❸➋❤➊★➆❫➏❛➈✯➃❸➏❛➄Ò➉❛➈✍➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✍➄❳➃❸➌✞➆✯➔✯➐✚➊r➂✪➔✵➋❭➉❛➈✹➈➡Ó☎➊➡➃❸➈✍➌❤➏Ò➔☎➆❫➌✚➌✚➈✍➉✍➻ ✄✑✏❉✺❤❾✓✒♠Ü✇➀✔✺✆❊❢Ù❉❆✜❆✯Ü✇❽❆☛✺❤Ø❤❽❛❻ ✳➒❸➈✥➆❫➉➍➒❸➘❭➹ ➑s➋♠➉✂➆✪➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃Ñ➏❛➋✕✔✯➝✥➧❤➙✂➆✆➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✪➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈❄➌❤➏✵➏❛➋❋➆ ➅➇➆❫➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❤➒❷➆❫➉✹➊➡➒✇➃❸➈❄➌❤➏✍➹❩➃❸➏➴➔✂➐✚➄❛➏➴✃❤➌✚➋✥➪⑤➶➇➈➡➑❦➋♠➉❛➈❄➂❩➆✥➌❁➎❋➄❛➋❭➔✵➈✹➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃✇➓ à✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✞➋❫➑✦➏❛➂❁➈✵➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✂➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✹➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒✿➶➇➈✵➋❫Þ☛➈❄➉❛➈✍➎Ñ➶❤➘❋➏❛➂➇➆❫➏Ò➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏✍➻✜✛❁➋❭➉ ➏❛➂✚➈❋➌❁➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃→➏❛➋▼➉❛➈➡➒✇➃❷➆✥➶❼➒❸➘✖✔✯➙r➙✥↕Ô➃❸➏❛➄☎➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈▼➊✍➋♠➔✲➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✍➹Ò➏❛➂❁➈ ✌✁✗ç❛í➇é➡ÿ✥ô✍í❦ì✥ç❛ê❁ç✔❊✥é✞✚✖ó✟✩ ç✻ô★ érÿ✳çré➡ê✆✩ ÷✖é➡õ❭é➡ó✥í✆✘ ✙rç✻ó❭é➡ë❬➡ç❛í ✙rô☛✘ ë❛ç❱é➡ó✥ó✣✩ ✘ ëré➡í✆✘ ô✍ÿ ✘ è❢õ✥ç❛è❦ë❛ê✆✘ ö❭ç❛õ✗✘ ÿ✹æ✻ç★ç❛ê❦ç❛ÿ✥ë❛ç✙✘ ☎✍✚✎✪
client must meet its traffic i.e…its rvice will be conform to the characterization it has passed to the net. We haye thus defined two sorts of real time traffic, which work). Thus, the service commit ment made to a particular differ in terms of the service commit ment they receive. There client is predicated on the traffic commit ment of that client is a third class of traffic that we call datagram traffic, to cated on(besides the obvious requirement that the net work except to promise not to delay or drop packets unnecessar- hardware function properly )C ily( this is somet im lled best eg ort service) One kind of service commitment, which we will call guar We now have the first component of anteed service, de pends on no ot her assumptions. That is the mit ment. The challe if the network hardware is functioning and the client is col is to schedule the packet depart ures at each switch so that forming to its traffic characterization, then the these commitments are met. For the sake of clarity, we first mit ment will be met. not ice that this level of commitment onsider, in Section r how to sched ule guaranteed traffic does not require that any ot her net work clients conform to in a net work carrying only guaranteed traffic. In Sections their traffic commitments. Ruaranteed service is appropri and we then consider how to schedule predicted traffic ate for intolerant and rigid clients, since they need absolute network carrying only predicted traffic. After we ha assurances about the service they receive. assembled the necessary components of our scheduling algo- However guaranteed service essarily appropri rithm we then, in Section Apresent our unified scheduling ate for tolerant and adaptive clients. Adaptive clients, b algorithm which simult aneously handles all three levels of adjusting their play-back point to reflect the delays the service commit ment packets are currently receiving, are gambling that the As we present these scheduling schemes, we also lay the ork service in the near fut ar to that del ground work for the other key pieces of the architecture, the red in the recent past. Any violation of that assumption in specifics of the service interface(which must relate closely the direction of increased delays will result in a brief degra- to the details of the service commit ment) and the method new soU missing the play-back point. The client will then readjust the play-back point upward to reflect the change in service but there will necessarily be some momentary disruption w Sckldlu. ing A: goritkM for Guarantlld Traffic In this sect ion we first describe a traffic filter and then a vice commit ments(based on the bounds on scheduling algorithm that together provide guaranteed ser- bec noring those a priori bounds on delay and adapting to the As discussed briefly in a network client must current delivered servi charact Thus, as long as the applicat ion is gambling that the cent past is a guide to the near future, one might as well at realizes the service commitment We use a particular define a class of service commit ment that makes the same form of traffic characterization called a token bucket filter gamble. Our second kind of service commit ment is called a token bucket filter is characterized by t ameters, a dicted service This le yel of comr rate V and a depth b. One can think of the token bucket ponents. First, as stated above, the net work commits that as filling up with tokens cont inuously at a rate v with b if the past guide to the future, then the net being its maximal depth. Bvery time a packet is generated This p tokens are removed from the bucket, where p is the size the fact that the net work can take into measurements of the traffic load in estimating what kind of filter(V b)if there are always enough tokens in the bucket rvice it can deliver reliably. This arked contras whenever a packet is generated the worst-case analysis that underlies the More precisely, vice commitment. Second, the network attempts to delive ti and pi denoting the generation time and size, respectively ice that will allow the adaptive algorithms to minimize of the Yth packet. We say that this traffic source conform their play-back points. (This is the same as saying that the to a token bucket filter(V,b)of rate V and depth b if th service wil tempt to minimize the post facto delay bound. sequence n: defined by no =b and n:= MIN[,Ni-I Obviously, when the overall network conditions change, the quality of service must also change; the intent of the second Y The quantiti go beys the con减rmth;am nneg at f tokens residing in the bucket after the yth packet leaves network schedules packets For a given traffic generation process, we can define the non- so that the current pos ell under the lo lelay bounds(which are typi- increasing function b(y as the minimal value such that the priori bounds that are part process conforms to a(V,b( filter of the service commit ars, several time stam d algorith Notice that predicted service has built into it very stron algorithms take as input mplicit assumptions about the behavior of other net work clients by assuming that the network conditions will remail oportionment of the link as a relatively unchanged, but involves very few eQplicit assump (where a labels the flows); the result ing dela on the bucket sizes b(V ions about these ot her net work chents: ie, their current One of the first such time-stamp algorith behavior need not be explicit ly characterized in any precise iweueing algorithm introduced in Refere anner.Thus, for predicted service, the network takes steps gorithm was targeted at the traditional data o deliver consistent performance to the client; it avoids the tecture, and so involved no preallocation of resources(and hard problem, which must be faced with guaranteed service, thus had each v= here u denotes the link of trying to compute a priori what that level of delivered
➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❳➔✯➐✚➄❛➏✳➔✲➈✍➈✍➏✻➃❸➏❛➄✖➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊❳➊✍➋♠➔✵➔✂➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✠➭③➃❦➻ ➈♠➻❸➹♠➃❸➏❛➄✳➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊❳➔✯➐✚➄❛➏ ➊❄➋♠➌❤➑❦➋♠➉❛➔✒➏❛➋▼➏❛➂✚➈❋➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌⑤➃❸➏☎➂➇➆❫➄✪➅➇➆❫➄❛➄❛➈❄➎❑➏❛➋▼➏❛➂❁➈❋➌✚➈✍➏➍➓ ➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✚➺➡➻✖➁❳➂❤➐✚➄✍➹☛➏❛➂❁➈✹➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✵➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏Ò➔☎➆❫➎✚➈✂➏❛➋✪➆✂➅❩➆✥➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❼➒❷➆✥➉ ➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏✖➃❸➄✖➅❁➉❛➈❄➎❼➃❸➊✥➆✥➏❛➈✍➎✪➋❭➌☎➏❛➂❁➈❳➏❛➉r➆★Ó➾➊➴➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏❳➋❫➑✰➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✳➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏✍➻ ➁❳➂✚➈✹➷❤➐❁➈❄➄❛➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✪➃❸➄✍➹❩➪❳➂➇➆❫➏✖➈r➒❸➄❛➈✠➃❸➄✠➏❛➂✚➈✠➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✂➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❳➅✚➉❛➈✍➎❤➃✇➓ ➊★➆❫➏❛➈✍➎✏➋♠➌❋➭❦➶❩➈✍➄➍➃❸➎✚➈✍➄✠➏❛➂✚➈✠➋❭➶❤➚♠➃❸➋♠➐✚➄✠➉❛➈✍➷❤➐❤➃❸➉❛➈✍➔✵➈❄➌❤➏✠➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✖➏❛➂✚➈✠➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃ ➂➇➆❫➉❛➎✚➪❳➆✥➉❛➈P➑❦➐✚➌✚➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❋➅✚➉❛➋♠➅❩➈❄➉➍➒❸➘✚➺✁ ✫✠➌✚➈✖✃♠➃❸➌❁➎☎➋✥➑❩➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈➴➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏✍➹✚➪➴➂❤➃❸➊r➂✯➪✖➈✦➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒➇➊✥➆✍➒✇➒✰➛❤❮❁➝❤➜✢▲ ➝❤↔➇↕◗➙r➙r➞P➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈♠➹❢➎✚➈✍➅❩➈✍➌✚➎✚➄✵➋♠➌✞➌❁➋❋➋❭➏❛➂❁➈❄➉✂➆❫➄❛➄❛➐✚➔✵➅❁➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✍➻ ➁➴➂➇➆❫➏✠➃❸➄✍➹ ➃✇➑❱➏❛➂❁➈Ò➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✵➂❩➆✥➉❛➎❁➪Ô➆❫➉❛➈➴➃❸➄✖➑❦➐✚➌✚➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❤➃❸➌❁Ð✏➆✥➌❁➎✏➏❛➂❁➈❳➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❳➃❸➄✖➊✍➋❭➌❼➓ ➑s➋♠➉❛➔✯➃❸➌✚Ð✵➏❛➋✹➃❸➏❛➄✖➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊Ò➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☛➹✻➏❛➂✚➈✍➌☎➏❛➂✚➈✠➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✹➊❄➋♠➔✯➓ ➔✂➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✠➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✿➶❩➈✂➔✵➈✍➏✍➻Ô➸➴➋❭➏➍➃❸➊✍➈✯➏❛➂➇➆❫➏Ò➏❛➂❼➃❸➄❳➒❸➈✍➚♠➈r➒✿➋❫➑✿➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏ ➎✚➋❤➈✍➄☎↔❩➫❤↕☛➉❛➈✍➷❤➐❤➃❸➉❛➈✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✂➆❫➌❤➘✏➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✹➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✪➊➡➒✇➃❸➈❄➌❤➏❛➄✯➊✍➋❭➌❼➑s➋♠➉❛➔ ➏❛➋ ➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉✂➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊✂➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➻ ✑✠➐❩➆✥➉r➆❫➌❤➏❛➈✍➈❄➎▼➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➃❸➄✲➆❫➅✚➅✚➉❛➋♠➅✚➉➍➃✇➓ ➆✥➏❛➈✠➑❦➋♠➉✿➃❸➌❤➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➌❤➏✂➆❫➌✚➎✪➉➍➃❸Ð❫➃❸➎❋➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➹☛➄➍➃❸➌❁➊❄➈✹➏❛➂❁➈✍➘☎➌✚➈✍➈✍➎✞➆✥➶❁➄❛➋✥➒❸➐❁➏❛➈ ➆✥➄❛➄❛➐❁➉r➆✥➌❁➊❄➈✍➄✂➆❫➶❩➋❭➐❁➏❳➏❛➂✚➈✯➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➏❛➂✚➈✍➘☎➉❛➈✍➊✍➈r➃❸➚♠➈♠➻ ß➴➋✥➪✖➈❄➚♠➈✍➉✍➹✚Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎❋➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈P➃❸➄❳➌✚➋♠➏❳➌❁➈❄➊✍➈✍➄❛➄r➆❫➉➍➃✇➒❸➘⑧➆❫➅✚➅✚➉❛➋♠➅✚➉➍➃✇➓ ➆✥➏❛➈✵➑❦➋♠➉✂➏❛➋❫➒❸➈✍➉r➆✥➌❤➏☎➆❫➌✚➎→➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✏➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➻✪☎Ò➎❩➆✥➅❁➏➍➃❸➚❭➈✪➊➡➒✇➃❸➈❄➌❤➏❛➄✍➹✖➶❤➘ ➆✥➎✣✲➳➐❁➄❛➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð✸➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉✪➅❤➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃❑➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✪➏❛➋▼➉❛➈r➱❩➈✍➊❄➏✪➏❛➂✚➈❋➎❁➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❤➄✏➏❛➂❁➈➡➃❸➉ ➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏❛➄✵➆✥➉❛➈✵➊✍➐✚➉❛➉❛➈✍➌❤➏➍➒❸➘Ñ➉❛➈❄➊✍➈➡➃❸➚♠➃❸➌✚Ð❁➹✦➆❫➉❛➈✵Ðä➆❫➔✂➶❼➒✇➃❸➌✚Ð✞➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✹➏❛➂❁➈✵➌✚➈✍➏➍➓ 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➌✚➋♠➉➍➃❸➌✚Ð❋➏❛➂✚➋♠➄❛➈❋➝✹Ï✰➜➡➢③➫❤➜r➢☛➶❩➋♠➐✚➌❁➎✚➄✹➋♠➌✞➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘▼➆✥➌❁➎⑧➆❫➎➇➆❫➅✚➏➍➃❸➌❁Ð❋➏❛➋☎➏❛➂✚➈ ➊❄➐❁➉❛➉❛➈✍➌❤➏Ò➎❁➈r➒✇➃❸➚♠➈✍➉❛➈✍➎✞➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❭➻ ➁❳➂❤➐❁➄✍➹➇➆✥➄Ô➒❸➋❭➌❁Ð➾➆❫➄❳➏❛➂❁➈➮➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➊★➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❋➃❸➄❳Ð❤➆✥➔✯➶❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð✏➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✖➏❛➂✚➈✹➉❛➈➡➓ ➊❄➈✍➌❤➏✵➅➇➆❫➄❛➏✯➃❸➄☎➆✪Ð❭➐❼➃❸➎✚➈❋➏❛➋❋➏❛➂✚➈✪➌✚➈✥➆❫➉✯➑s➐❁➏❛➐✚➉❛➈♠➹✿➋♠➌✚➈✪➔✯➃❸Ð❭➂❤➏☎➆❫➄✂➪✖➈➡➒✇➒ ➎✚➈➡➽➇➌❁➈ ➆✆➊➡➒❷➆✥➄❛➄✵➋❫➑Ô➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✪➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏✯➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✂➔☎➆✥✃♠➈✍➄✂➏❛➂❁➈☎➄r➆✥➔✵➈ Ðä➆❫➔✂➶❼➒❸➈❭➻ ✫✠➐❁➉✂➄❛➈✍➊✍➋❭➌❁➎❞✃♠➃❸➌✚➎✸➋❫➑Ò➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈❋➊✍➋♠➔✵➔✂➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✯➃❸➄✵➊★➆★➒✇➒❸➈✍➎ Ï✰➜❏➙➡➞❤➢❷➤❫↕❦➙r➞✯➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈♠➻▼➁❳➂❤➃❸➄✯➒❸➈✍➚♠➈r➒❳➋❫➑➮➊✍➋♠➔✵➔✂➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✵➂➇➆❫➄✵➏❏➪✖➋✪➊❄➋♠➔✯➓ ➅➇➋♠➌✚➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✍➻✆✛✧➃❸➉❛➄❛➏✍➹❱➆❫➄Ò➄❛➏r➆❫➏❛➈✍➎⑧➆❫➶❩➋✥➚❭➈♠➹✻➏❛➂✚➈✵➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❋➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➄✹➏❛➂➇➆❫➏ ➃✇➑➮➏❛➂❁➈☎➅➇➆❫➄❛➏✯➃❸➄➾➆✪Ð♠➐❤➃❸➎❁➈❋➏❛➋❋➏❛➂✚➈✆➑❦➐✚➏❛➐✚➉❛➈♠➹✿➏❛➂❁➈✍➌❞➏❛➂✚➈☎➌❁➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃⑧➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒ ➔✲➈✍➈✍➏✠➃❸➏❛➄✂➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✪➊r➂➇➆❫➉r➆❫➊❄➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✧➻✞➁❳➂❤➃❸➄✯➊✍➋❭➔✵➅❩➋❭➌❁➈✍➌❤➏✲➈✍➔✯➶➇➋❤➎❼➓ ➃❸➈❄➄✵➏❛➂❁➈✵➑❏➆✥➊✍➏✹➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✂➏❛➂❁➈☎➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃Ñ➊★➆❫➌❞➏r➆❫✃❭➈➾➃❸➌❤➏❛➋✞➆✥➊✍➊✍➋❭➐❁➌❤➏✵➉❛➈❄➊✍➈✍➌❤➏ ➔✲➈✥➆❫➄❛➐✚➉❛➈✍➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄Ò➋❫➑❱➏❛➂❁➈✹➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✠➒❸➋❤➆✥➎✪➃❸➌✪➈✍➄❛➏➍➃❸➔☎➆✥➏➍➃❸➌❁Ð✏➪❳➂❩➆✥➏✖✃♠➃❸➌❁➎❋➋✥➑ ➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✪➃❸➏☎➊✥➆❫➌→➎❁➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉✪➉❛➈r➒✇➃❷➆❫➶❤➒❸➘♠➻❑➁❳➂❼➃❸➄✵➃❸➄✵➃❸➌✸➔➾➆❫➉❛✃♠➈❄➎✸➊✍➋❭➌❤➏❛➉r➆❫➄❛➏ ➏❛➋✹➏❛➂✚➈❳➪✖➋♠➉❛➄❛➏➍➓❏➊✥➆✥➄❛➈Ò➆❫➌➇➆★➒❸➘❤➄➍➃❸➄✠➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✿➐✚➌❁➎✚➈✍➉➍➒✇➃❸➈✍➄Ò➏❛➂❁➈❳Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎☎➄❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➚♠➃❸➊❄➈✵➊✍➋♠➔✲➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✍➻➮➲❼➈❄➊✍➋♠➌✚➎✧➹✰➏❛➂✚➈✯➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃❋➆✥➏❛➏❛➈✍➔✵➅✚➏❛➄✠➏❛➋✵➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉ ➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✠➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✦➆✍➒✇➒❸➋❫➪✽➏❛➂✚➈✵➆✥➎❩➆✥➅❁➏➍➃❸➚❭➈☎➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✵➄✂➏❛➋✆➔✂➃❸➌❼➃❸➔✯➃❸à❄➈ ➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉Ò➅❼➒❷➆✍➘♠➓❏➶❩➆✥➊➡✃✏➅❩➋❫➃❸➌❤➏❛➄✍➻Ò➭❦➁❳➂❼➃❸➄✖➃❸➄✠➏❛➂✚➈✠➄r➆✥➔✵➈✂➆❫➄❳➄r➆✍➘♠➃❸➌✚Ð✆➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➏❛➂✚➈ ➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❳➪Ô➃✇➒✇➒❙➆❫➏❛➏❛➈❄➔✵➅❁➏❢➏❛➋❳➔✯➃❸➌❤➃❸➔✯➃❸à✍➈Ò➏❛➂❁➈✿Ï❩➫♠➥❄↕ ✟✍➝❤➤✥↕❦➫✻➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✯➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎☛➻✇➺ ✫✠➶❤➚♠➃❸➋❭➐❁➄➍➒❸➘❭➹✻➪❳➂✚➈✍➌✪➏❛➂✚➈✹➋✥➚♠➈✍➉r➆✍➒✇➒❢➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃☎➊✍➋♠➌✚➎❼➃❸➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✂➊r➂❩➆✥➌❁Ð❭➈♠➹❩➏❛➂✚➈ ➷❤➐➇➆★➒✇➃❸➏❏➘✪➋✥➑❢➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✹➔✂➐✚➄❛➏❳➆★➒❸➄❛➋✵➊r➂➇➆❫➌✚Ð♠➈✒✰➇➏❛➂❁➈❳➃❸➌❤➏❛➈✍➌❤➏❳➋❫➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✠➄❛➈❄➊✍➋♠➌✚➎ ➊❄➋♠➔✵➅❩➋❭➌❁➈❄➌❤➏✆➋✥➑Ò➏❛➂❁➈✏➊✍➋♠➔✵➔✂➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✯➃❸➄☎➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✂➪➴➂✚➈✍➌❞➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃▼➊✍➋❭➌❼➓ ➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✏➆❫➉❛➈☎➉❛➈➡➒❷➆✥➏➍➃❸➚♠➈➡➒❸➘❞➄❛➏r➆❫➏➍➃❸➊❭➹✳➏❛➂✚➈☎➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃Ñ➄❛➊r➂❁➈❄➎❁➐❤➒❸➈✍➄☎➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄ ➄❛➋✂➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➏❛➂❁➈Ò➊✍➐✚➉❛➉❛➈✍➌❤➏✖Ï❩➫♠➥❄↕ ✟❄➝❤➤❫↕❦➫✖➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✪➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎✚➄P➭❦➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂ ➆❫➉❛➈Ò➏➍➘❤➅❤➃✇➓ ➊★➆★➒✇➒❸➘☎➪✖➈➡➒✇➒✰➐✚➌❁➎✚➈✍➉✖➏❛➂✚➈➴➒❸➋❭➌❁Ð✥➓➍➏❛➈❄➉❛➔❅➝➴Ï✰➜r➢③➫❤➜r➢❼➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎✚➄❳➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✖➆✥➉❛➈✠➅➇➆❫➉❛➏ ➋✥➑✿➏❛➂❁➈✹➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏r➺✠➆✥➉❛➈✹➄❛➔☎➆★➒✇➒❦➻ ➸➴➋❭➏➍➃❸➊✍➈❳➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✳➅✚➉❛➈✍➎❤➃❸➊✍➏❛➈✍➎☎➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈Ò➂❩➆✥➄❢➶❁➐❤➃✇➒❸➏✖➃❸➌❤➏❛➋✠➃❸➏✳➚❭➈✍➉❛➘✂➄❛➏❛➉❛➋♠➌✚Ð ➢✔ÔÏ❍✥❸➢③➤✥➢③↕✿➆✥➄❛➄❛➐❁➔✵➅✚➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✞➆❫➶➇➋♠➐✚➏✆➏❛➂✚➈✪➶➇➈✍➂❩➆✍➚♠➃❸➋❭➉✪➋❫➑➮➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✵➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃ ➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✠➶❤➘☎➆✥➄❛➄❛➐❁➔✂➃❸➌❁Ð✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✦➏❛➂❁➈Ò➌❁➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✲➊✍➋♠➌✚➎❼➃❸➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✹➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✰➉❛➈✍➔☎➆✍➃❸➌ ➉❛➈r➒❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➚♠➈r➒❸➘✪➐✚➌❁➊r➂❩➆✥➌❁Ð❭➈✍➎☛➹☛➶❁➐✚➏✳➃❸➌❤➚♠➋✥➒❸➚♠➈✍➄Ò➚♠➈✍➉❛➘✂➑❦➈✍➪✫➙✄✂❄Ï❍✥❸➢❷➤❫➢❷↕❤➆❫➄❛➄❛➐✚➔✵➅❤➓ ➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✏➆✥➶❩➋♠➐✚➏☎➏❛➂❁➈✍➄❛➈✏➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✵➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃▼➊➡➒✇➃❸➈❄➌❤➏❛➄☛✰➴➃❦➻ ➈♠➻❸➹✳➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉☎➊✍➐✚➉❛➉❛➈✍➌❤➏ ➶➇➈✍➂❩➆✍➚♠➃❸➋❭➉✹➌❁➈✍➈❄➎✪➌✚➋♠➏❳➶❩➈✹➈✍➬❤➅❤➒✇➃❸➊➡➃❸➏➍➒❷➘Ñ➊r➂❩➆✥➉r➆❫➊✍➏❛➈❄➉➍➃❸à✍➈✍➎✪➃❸➌✞➆❫➌❤➘☎➅✚➉❛➈✍➊➡➃❸➄❛➈ ➔➾➆❫➌✚➌❁➈✍➉✍➻✿➁❳➂❤➐✚➄✍➹❫➑❦➋❭➉✻➅✚➉❛➈✍➎❤➃❸➊✍➏❛➈✍➎☎➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈♠➹ä➏❛➂❁➈✖➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✹➏r➆✥✃♠➈✍➄❢➄❛➏❛➈✍➅✚➄ ➏❛➋✂➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚♠➈✍➉Ò➊✍➋♠➌✚➄➍➃❸➄❛➏❛➈✍➌❤➏Ò➅❩➈✍➉➍➑❦➋❭➉❛➔☎➆❫➌✚➊✍➈✹➏❛➋✹➏❛➂✚➈✹➊➡➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏☛✰❁➃❸➏Ò➆✍➚♠➋✥➃❸➎❁➄❳➏❛➂✚➈ ➂➇➆❫➉❛➎☎➅✚➉❛➋♠➶❤➒❸➈✍➔✪➹✚➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂✵➔✂➐❁➄❛➏✿➶❩➈✖➑❏➆✥➊✍➈✍➎✵➪✖➃❸➏❛➂✵Ð❭➐❩➆✥➉r➆❫➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎☎➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈♠➹ ➋✥➑Ò➏❛➉❛➘♠➃❸➌❁Ð▼➏❛➋❋➊❄➋♠➔✵➅✚➐❁➏❛➈❞➝✵Ï✰➜r➢③➫❤➜➡➢❢➪❳➂➇➆❫➏✂➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✯➒❸➈✍➚♠➈r➒✠➋✥➑Ò➎❁➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉❛➈✍➎ ➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✂➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✿➶❩➈♠➻ ➼Ñ➈❳➂➇➆★➚❭➈✠➏❛➂❤➐✚➄✳➎✚➈➡➽➇➌❁➈❄➎✆➏❏➪✖➋✹➄❛➋♠➉❛➏❛➄✿➋❫➑❙➉❛➈✥➆★➒☛➏➍➃❸➔✲➈➴➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊♠➹❤➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂ ➎❤➃✇Þ☛➈✍➉✻➃❸➌✂➏❛➈✍➉❛➔✵➄☛➋❫➑➇➏❛➂❁➈✿➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✦➊✍➋♠➔✵➔✂➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✻➏❛➂✚➈✍➘Ò➉❛➈✍➊✍➈➡➃❸➚❭➈♠➻✿➁➴➂✚➈✍➉❛➈ ➃❸➄✏➆Ñ➏❛➂❤➃❸➉❛➎❑➊➡➒❷➆❫➄❛➄☎➋❫➑➮➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊❋➏❛➂➇➆❫➏☎➪✖➈✏➊✥➆★➒✇➒➾➞❤➝❤↕❦➝✥➛❼➜❏➝✆✔✔➏❛➉r➆★Ó➾➊♠➹✖➏❛➋ ➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂❑➏❛➂✚➈Ñ➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✸➔➾➆❫✃♠➈❄➄✪➌✚➋Ý➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈Ñ➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏❛➄✞➆❫➏✏➆★➒✇➒❦➹ ➈✍➬❤➊✍➈❄➅❁➏Ò➏❛➋✆➅✚➉❛➋♠➔✂➃❸➄❛➈✯➌✚➋♠➏Ò➏❛➋✆➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❋➋♠➉❳➎✚➉❛➋♠➅✞➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄✠➐✚➌✚➌❁➈✍➊❄➈✍➄❛➄r➆❫➉➍➓ ➃✇➒❸➘Ñ➭❦➏❛➂❤➃❸➄➴➃❸➄Ò➄❛➋♠➔✵➈❄➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✍➄✠➊★➆★➒✇➒❸➈✍➎✚▼➡➙✍➥❄↕❢➙✆☎✠➫❤➜r↕❩➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✥➺➡➻ ➼Ñ➈❋➌✚➋✥➪❅➂❩➆✍➚❭➈❋➏❛➂❁➈❋➽❩➉❛➄❛➏☎➊✍➋❭➔✵➅❩➋❭➌❁➈✍➌❤➏❋➋✥➑✹➋❭➐❁➉ ➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃❸➏❛➈✍➊❄➏❛➐❁➉❛➈♠➹ ➏❛➂✚➈✹➌❩➆✥➏❛➐❁➉❛➈✂➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✯➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏✍➻❳➁❳➂❁➈✹➊r➂❩➆✍➒✇➒❸➈✍➌✚Ð♠➈♠➹✰➌❁➋✥➪✹➹ ➃❸➄✹➏❛➋☎➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒❸➈☎➏❛➂✚➈✯➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏✹➎❁➈✍➅➇➆❫➉❛➏❛➐✚➉❛➈✍➄✂➆✥➏✠➈✥➆✥➊➡➂✞➄❛➪✖➃❸➏❛➊➡➂✞➄❛➋☎➏❛➂❩➆✥➏ ➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✹➊✍➋♠➔✲➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏❛➄Ò➆❫➉❛➈Ò➔✵➈✍➏✍➻❋✛✚➋♠➉✖➏❛➂✚➈✹➄r➆❫✃❭➈✠➋❫➑❱➊➡➒❷➆❫➉➍➃❸➏❏➘♠➹❩➪✦➈➴➽➇➉❛➄❛➏ ➊✍➋❭➌❁➄➍➃❸➎✚➈✍➉✍➹❳➃❸➌❑➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌ ✟✚➹❳➂❁➋✥➪✾➏❛➋▼➄❛➊r➂✚➈✍➎❁➐❤➒❸➈✞Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆❫➌❤➏❛➈❄➈✍➎❑➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊ ➃❸➌→➆✪➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃Ñ➊✥➆✥➉❛➉❛➘♠➃❸➌❁Ð⑧➋♠➌❤➒❸➘▼Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎✸➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊♠➻❋➯❏➌❞➲❤➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄ ✗✪➆✥➌❁➎✤✙✆➪✦➈✯➏❛➂✚➈✍➌✞➊✍➋♠➌✚➄➍➃❸➎❁➈❄➉✵➂❁➋✥➪✽➏❛➋☎➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒❸➈✏➅❁➉❛➈❄➎❼➃❸➊✍➏❛➈❄➎▼➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊ ➃❸➌⑧➆➾➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✏➊✥➆❫➉❛➉❛➘♠➃❸➌✚Ð❋➋♠➌❤➒❸➘❋➅❁➉❛➈❄➎❼➃❸➊✍➏❛➈❄➎▼➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊❭➻ ☎❳➑❦➏❛➈✍➉❳➪✖➈✂➂❩➆✍➚♠➈ ➆❫➄❛➄❛➈❄➔✯➶❤➒❸➈✍➎✪➏❛➂✚➈❳➌❁➈❄➊✍➈✍➄❛➄r➆❫➉❛➘☎➊✍➋❭➔✵➅❩➋❭➌❁➈✍➌❤➏❛➄❳➋✥➑☛➋♠➐✚➉✖➄❛➊r➂❁➈✍➎✚➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð✏➆★➒❸Ð❭➋❫➓ ➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔❅➪✖➈✂➏❛➂❁➈✍➌☛➹❩➃❸➌⑧➲❼➈✍➊❄➏➍➃❸➋♠➌ ✣ ➹☛➅❁➉❛➈✍➄❛➈❄➌❤➏✹➋♠➐✚➉✠➐✚➌❼➃✇➽➇➈✍➎▼➄❛➊r➂❁➈❄➎❁➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð ➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔ ➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂→➄➍➃❸➔✯➐❤➒❸➏r➆❫➌✚➈✍➋❭➐❁➄➍➒❸➘❑➂➇➆❫➌✚➎❼➒❸➈❄➄❋➆★➒✇➒Ò➏❛➂✚➉❛➈✍➈✆➒❸➈❄➚♠➈➡➒❸➄☎➋❫➑ ➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✂➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✍➻ ☎✠➄❳➪✖➈✹➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➈✍➌❤➏✠➏❛➂✚➈✍➄❛➈✹➄❛➊r➂❁➈❄➎❁➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð❋➄❛➊r➂✚➈✍➔✵➈✍➄✍➹☛➪✖➈✂➆✍➒❸➄❛➋✵➒❷➆★➘✏➏❛➂❁➈ Ð♠➉❛➋❭➐❁➌✚➎✚➪✖➋♠➉❛✃☎➑❦➋♠➉✖➏❛➂✚➈✠➋❭➏❛➂❁➈❄➉✖✃♠➈✍➘☎➅❤➃❸➈✍➊✍➈✍➄❳➋✥➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✂➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃❸➏❛➈✍➊❄➏❛➐❁➉❛➈♠➹➇➏❛➂❁➈ ➄❛➅❩➈✍➊r➃✇➽❩➊✍➄✲➋❫➑❳➏❛➂✚➈☎➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✆➃❸➌❤➏❛➈❄➉➍➑❏➆❫➊✍➈❋➭❦➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂▼➔✂➐✚➄❛➏✯➉❛➈➡➒❷➆✥➏❛➈☎➊➡➒❸➋♠➄❛➈➡➒❸➘ ➏❛➋✪➏❛➂✚➈☎➎❁➈❄➏r➆★➃✇➒❸➄✵➋✥➑❳➏❛➂❁➈✲➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✪➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✲➈✍➌❤➏r➺✯➆✥➌❁➎⑧➏❛➂❁➈✵➔✲➈✍➏❛➂❁➋❤➎ ➏❛➋✵➊✍➋❭➌❤➏❛➉❛➋❫➒❱➏❛➂❁➈✂➆✥➎❁➔✯➃❸➄❛➄➍➃❸➋❭➌▼➋❫➑❱➌❁➈❄➪⑤➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊✍➈❄➄✍➻ ✝ ✏❩➀✬❚✾✺❭Ú❩Û❃❂ Ü❸Ø✆☎✪❹★❂ ☎❁Ù✚❾❦Ü✇❽ ❚✻❆✯❻❏✽❏Ù✚❾✟✞✖Û❤❿❤❾❦❿✚Ø❼❽✢✺✬✺♠Ú✘❅❢❾◗❿✖❇✏➀ ➯➍➌❞➏❛➂❤➃❸➄☎➄❛➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌→➪✖➈✆➽➇➉❛➄❛➏✵➎✚➈✍➄❛➊✍➉➍➃❸➶❩➈⑧➆❋➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊☎➽❁➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✏➆✥➌❁➎→➏❛➂❁➈✍➌→➆ ➄❛➊r➂❁➈✍➎✚➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð⑧➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔ ➏❛➂➇➆❫➏Ò➏❛➋♠Ð❭➈✍➏❛➂❁➈❄➉✠➅✚➉❛➋❫➚♠➃❸➎✚➈☎Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎✞➄❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➚♠➃❸➊✍➈♠➻ ☎✠➄✠➎❤➃❸➄❛➊✍➐✚➄❛➄❛➈✍➎▼➶✚➉➍➃❸➈➡➱➇➘ ➃❸➌⑧➲❼➈❄➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✫✝❤➹✰➆✆➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✦➋♠➉❛✃✪➊r➒✇➃❸➈✍➌❤➏✯➔✂➐✚➄❛➏ ➊r➂❩➆✥➉r➆❫➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à❄➈✯➃❸➏❛➄✠➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✠➒❸➋❤➆✥➎Ñ➏❛➋✵➏❛➂✚➈✹➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❩➹☛➄❛➋✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✠➏❛➂✚➈✹➌✚➈✍➏➍➓ ➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❋➊✥➆❫➌▼➊❄➋♠➔✵➔✯➃❸➏✹➶➇➆❫➌✚➎✚➪Ô➃❸➎✚➏❛➂→➆❫➌✚➎▼➔☎➆✥➌❩➆✥Ð♠➈☎➷❤➐❁➈❄➐❁➈✍➄✹➃❸➌❞➆☎➪❳➆✍➘ ➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✹➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➃❸à✍➈✍➄✵➏❛➂✚➈✵➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈☎➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➔✵➈❄➌❤➏✍➻☎➼Ñ➈✵➐✚➄❛➈✏➆✆➅➇➆❫➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❤➒❷➆❫➉ ➑❦➋❭➉❛➔❅➋❫➑Ò➏❛➉r➆★Ó➾➊✵➊➡➂➇➆❫➉r➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✥➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌→➊✥➆★➒✇➒❸➈✍➎ ➆Ñ↕❦➫✥➧❤➙✥↔ ▼✥❮✚➤➡➧❤➙✥↕✧➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✍➻ ☎✽➏❛➋♠✃❭➈✍➌❋➶❁➐✚➊r✃♠➈✍➏✠➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉➴➃❸➄✹➊r➂➇➆❫➉r➆❫➊❄➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✍➈✍➎▼➶❤➘✏➏➍➪✖➋✲➅❩➆✥➉r➆❫➔✵➈✍➏❛➈❄➉❛➄✍➹❢➆ ➉r➆❫➏❛➈✡✠✪➆✥➌❁➎→➆❋➎❁➈✍➅✚➏❛➂☞☛★➻ ✫✠➌❁➈✏➊✥➆❫➌❞➏❛➂❤➃❸➌❁✃⑧➋❫➑✹➏❛➂✚➈☎➏❛➋♠✃❭➈✍➌❞➶❁➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏ ➆❫➄✵➽✚➒✇➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð→➐❁➅→➪✖➃❸➏❛➂❑➏❛➋♠✃♠➈❄➌❁➄☎➊✍➋❭➌❤➏➍➃❸➌❤➐❁➋❭➐❁➄➍➒❸➘✷➆❫➏☎➆✞➉r➆❫➏❛➈✌✠♠➹❳➪✖➃❸➏❛➂✍☛ ➶❩➈➡➃❸➌✚Ð✆➃❸➏❛➄Ò➔☎➆❫➬♠➃❸➔➾➆★➒✦➎❁➈✍➅✚➏❛➂☛➻✏✎❢➚♠➈✍➉❛➘✏➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✲➆➾➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏➴➃❸➄✠Ð❭➈✍➌✚➈✍➉r➆❫➏❛➈✍➎ ✑ ➏❛➋♠✃❭➈✍➌✚➄✵➆✥➉❛➈✆➉❛➈❄➔✵➋✥➚♠➈✍➎Ñ➑s➉❛➋♠➔❅➏❛➂✚➈☎➶❁➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✍➹✿➪❳➂❁➈✍➉❛➈ ✑ ➃❸➄✵➏❛➂❁➈✲➄➍➃❸à✍➈ ➋❫➑Ô➏❛➂❁➈✵➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏✍➻✠☎✔➏❛➉r➆✍Ó☎➊✵➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊✍➈☎➊✍➋❭➌❼➑s➋♠➉❛➔✵➄✹➏❛➋ ➆✆➏❛➋♠✃❭➈✍➌✞➶❁➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏ ➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✆➭✒✠✔✓✄☛r➺➴➃✇➑❳➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➈☎➆❫➉❛➈➾➆★➒❸➪❳➆✍➘❤➄✂➈✍➌❁➋❭➐❁Ð❭➂▼➏❛➋♠✃❭➈✍➌✚➄P➃❸➌✞➏❛➂❁➈✲➶❁➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏ ➪❳➂❁➈❄➌❁➈✍➚❭➈✍➉✹➆✂➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✖➃❸➄✠Ð♠➈❄➌❁➈✍➉r➆✥➏❛➈✍➎☛➻ â✪➋♠➉❛➈✖➅✚➉❛➈✍➊➡➃❸➄❛➈➡➒❸➘❭➹❁➊❄➋♠➌✚➄➍➃❸➎❁➈✍➉✦➆➴➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏❢Ð♠➈✍➌✚➈✍➉r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌☎➅❁➉❛➋❤➊✍➈❄➄❛➄✳➪✖➃❸➏❛➂ ✕✁✖ ➆✥➌❁➎ ✑ ✖ ➎❁➈✍➌✚➋♠➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð✂➏❛➂❁➈❳Ð♠➈❄➌❁➈✍➉r➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➏➍➃❸➔✵➈❳➆✥➌❁➎✲➄➍➃❸à✍➈♠➹❤➉❛➈✍➄❛➅➇➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➚♠➈r➒❸➘♠➹ ➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✘✗ ✳ ➏❛➂❋➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✍➻❳➼✞➈✯➄r➆✍➘✏➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✠➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✹➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊✹➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊✍➈✲➊✍➋♠➌❤➑❦➋♠➉❛➔✲➄ ➏❛➋⑧➆ ➏❛➋❭✃♠➈✍➌❞➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈✍➏✵➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✪➭✒✠✔✓✙☛➡➺✯➋✥➑Ò➉r➆❫➏❛➈✚✠❋➆✥➌❁➎→➎❁➈❄➅❁➏❛➂✛☛✲➃✇➑➮➏❛➂❁➈ ➄❛➈✍➷❤➐✚➈✍➌✚➊✍➈✢✜ ✖ ➎❁➈r➽❩➌✚➈✍➎❑➶❤➘✍✜✤✣✦✥✧☛✏➆❫➌✚➎✍✜ ✖ ✥✩★✍✪✬✫ ✍ ☛✭✓✄✜ ✖✯✮ å✱✰ ➭ ✕ ✖✳✲ ✕ ✖✴✮ å ➺✁✠ ✲ ✑ ✖ ✎❳➋♠➶➇➈✍➘❤➄☎➏❛➂❁➈✏➊✍➋♠➌✚➄❛➏❛➉r➆★➃❸➌❤➏☎➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✵✜ ✖✷✶ ✕✪➑❦➋♠➉➾➆★➒✇➒ ✗➍➻✵➁❳➂✚➈✵➷❤➐❩➆✥➌❤➏➍➃❸➏➍➃❸➈✍➄✵✜ ✖ ➹☛➃✇➑❳➌✚➋♠➌✚➌❁➈❄Ð❤➆❫➏➍➃❸➚❭➈♠➹✿➉❛➈✍➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➈✍➌❤➏✂➏❛➂❁➈✵➌❤➐✚➔✂➶❩➈✍➉ ➋❫➑✿➏❛➋❭✃♠➈✍➌✚➄❳➉❛➈✍➄➍➃❸➎❤➃❸➌❁Ð☎➃❸➌❋➏❛➂❁➈✹➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈❄➏✠➆✍➑❦➏❛➈✍➉✖➏❛➂✚➈✸✗✷✳ ➏❛➂✏➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✖➒❸➈✥➆✍➚♠➈✍➄✍➻ ✛❁➋❭➉✿➆➴Ð❫➃❸➚❭➈✍➌☎➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊✦Ð♠➈✍➌✚➈✍➉r➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌☎➅❁➉❛➋❤➊✍➈❄➄❛➄✍➹❁➪✦➈✳➊✥➆✥➌✵➎✚➈➡➽❩➌✚➈❳➏❛➂❁➈❳➌✚➋♠➌❤➓ ➃❸➌✚➊✍➉❛➈✥➆❫➄➍➃❸➌✚Ð✪➑❦➐✚➌❁➊❄➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✦☛★➭✒✠✥➺✠➆✥➄❳➏❛➂❁➈✂➔✯➃❸➌❤➃❸➔☎➆★➒✦➚❭➆★➒❸➐✚➈✯➄❛➐✚➊➡➂❋➏❛➂➇➆❫➏Ò➏❛➂❁➈ ➅✚➉❛➋❤➊✍➈✍➄❛➄✠➊❄➋♠➌❤➑❦➋♠➉❛➔✵➄❳➏❛➋☎➆☎➭✒✠✭✓✙☛✍➭✒✠❫➺❛➺✳➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✍➻ ➯➍➌✹➉❛➈✍➊✍➈❄➌❤➏✻➘♠➈★➆❫➉❛➄✍➹✥➄❛➈✍➚❭➈✍➉r➆★➒✰↕❦➢✔✂➙✏▲➍➥❄↕◗➝✆✔✖Ï❳➶➇➆❫➄❛➈✍➎✲➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✵➄✿➂❩➆✍➚♠➈ ➶❩➈✍➈❄➌✵➎❁➈❄➚♠➈➡➒❸➋❭➅❩➈✍➎☛➻✖➁❳➂❁➈❄➄❛➈✠➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔✵➄❳➏r➆✥✃♠➈Ò➆❫➄✻➃❸➌✚➅❁➐✚➏✖➄❛➋❭➔✵➈❳➅❁➉❛➈✥➆✥➄➍➓ ➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌✚➈✍➎✞➆✥➅❁➅❩➋❭➉❛➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➔✵➈✍➌❤➏✹➋✥➑✿➏❛➂❁➈❳➒✇➃❸➌❁✃❋➈✍➬❤➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➄❛➈✍➎✞➆✥➄❳➆✯➄❛➈✍➏❳➋✥➑❢➉r➆❫➏❛➈❄➄ ✠✺✹✸➭❦➪➴➂✚➈✍➉❛➈✵✻Ý➒❷➆✥➶❩➈➡➒❸➄☎➏❛➂✚➈➾➱➇➋✥➪❳➄r➺❀✰❢➏❛➂❁➈☎➉❛➈✍➄❛➐❤➒❸➏➍➃❸➌✚Ð▼➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘❤➄✲➎❁➈✍➅➇➈✍➌❁➎ ➋♠➌✏➏❛➂❁➈✂➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈✍➏❳➄➍➃❸à✍➈❄➄✏☛✄✹❱➭✒✠✺✹❩➺➡➻ ✫✠➌❁➈❳➋❫➑✰➏❛➂✚➈✖➽❩➉❛➄❛➏✿➄❛➐❁➊r➂✵➏➍➃❸➔✵➈r➓➍➄❛➏r➆✥➔✵➅✏➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✵➄❳➪❳➆❫➄✿➏❛➂❁➈✌✡☛➝❤➢❷➜ ☞✖❮✚➙✥❮❁➙✥➢③↔ä➛✆➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➃❸➌❤➏❛➉❛➋❤➎✚➐✚➊✍➈✍➎❑➃❸➌✵✬✖➈➡➑❦➈✍➉❛➈❄➌❁➊✍➈✪✍✟✲✎❏➻→➁➴➂❤➃❸➄❋➆✍➒✇➓ Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔❐➪❳➆✥➄✹➏r➆❫➉❛Ð❭➈✍➏❛➈✍➎⑧➆❫➏✹➏❛➂✚➈✵➏❛➉r➆❫➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌➇➆★➒Ò➎➇➆❫➏r➆✆➄❛➈❄➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✏➆❫➉❛➊r➂❼➃✇➓ ➏❛➈✍➊✍➏❛➐✚➉❛➈♠➹❱➆❫➌✚➎▼➄❛➋✆➃❸➌❤➚❭➋❫➒❸➚❭➈✍➎❞➌❁➋✏➅❁➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➒❸➋❤➊✥➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✸➋✥➑❳➉❛➈✍➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✍➄☎➭❏➆❫➌✚➎ ➏❛➂❤➐✚➄❋➂❩➆✥➎⑤➈✥➆✥➊➡➂✼✠ ✹ ✥✾✽⑤➪❳➂✚➈✍➉❛➈✦✽⑤➎❁➈❄➌❁➋❭➏❛➈✍➄❋➏❛➂❁➈✞➒✇➃❸➌❁✃✫➄❛➅❩➈✍➈✍➎➇➺➡➻
n addition, a weighted version of the Fair Queueing algo flow long the path would be at least r rithm (which we refer to as WFQ), in which the r"neee Thus, all of the eing delay would occur in the leaky lot all be equal, was also briefly described in Reference [fB bucket filter and the flow obeys an(r,b(r)) toke The Virtuasack algorit hm, described in Refere e6B bucket filter, the delay in the leaky bucket filter would be olves an extremely similar underlying packet scheduling bounded by b(r)/r. Notice that the delay bound of algorithm, but was expressly designed for a context where icular flow is indo dent of the other fe istics; they can be arbitrarily badly behaved and the bound tal part of its architecture the assumption that the shares r still applies. Furthermore, these bounds are strict, in th were arbitrary. Parekh and Pallager in Reference [QB rein- they can be realized with a set of greedy sources which keep troduce the WfQ algorithm under the name of packetized their token buckets empty nera=zed processor sharing(PPPS). They have proven the The previous paragraphs describe WFQ in the fluid flo approx et ized version of the ions, can deliver a guaranteed quality of service([2tB. We algorit hm in a straightforward manner. Define 8;(t) for all resent a brief summary of the wFQ algorithm below, sinc t>t as the number of bits that haye been serviced from we make use of it in our overall scheduling algorit hm; see the flow a bet ween the times ti and t. g ssociate with each References [, 2t Bfor more details packet the function E;()=(m(9)j 8:())/r where we of fe f c=ack rates take the right-hand limit of t his number is the level of The clock rate of a flow represents the relative share of backlog ahead of the packet i in the flow as queue divided presents the pro portion of the total link bandwidth which expected delay until depart ure for the last bit in the packe,? the link bandwidth this flow is entitled to; more properly, it by the flow's share of the link, and can be thought of this flow will receive when it is active. By assigning it a The packetized version of WFQ is merely, at any time,o clock rate ra the network commits to provide to this flow Then the next packet to be transmit ted must be chosen an effective throughput rate no worse than(ur)/Car) select the packet with the minimal E?(t). This algorithm is called a time-st amp based scheme because there is an al where the sum in the denominator is over all currently active terna tive but equivalent formulation in which each packet is This formulation can be made precise in the context of a stamped with a time-stamp as it arrives and th luid flow model of the net work, where the bits drain contin- are transmit ted in increasing order of time-stamps; see Ref- uously out of the queue. Let t? and pa denote the generation erences [, 2t Bfor details on this formulation. Parekh and ath flow. We define the set of functions m"(), which char- bound, applies to this packet ized algorit hm as well. Hor acterize at any time the backlog of bits which each source ever, the formulae for the de lays in the packe tized case are and set m (t)=t. We say that a flow is active significantly more complicated; see Re ference [2t Bor details To underst and the relation bet ween the clock rate r, the Then the dynamics of the system are determined as follows. bucket size b(r)and the resultant delay, consider what hap- Whenever a packet arrives, m must discont inuously increase pens to a burst of packets. The packet that receives the y the packet highest queueing delay is the last packet of a burst. The n(tt)and m(t-)refer to right hand and left hand limits bound on the jit ter is proport ional to the size of the burst of m at t. gt all other times, we know that the bits are and inversely proportional to the clock ra te. The means by draining out of the queues of the active flows in proportion to the clock rates of the respective fow increase its clock rate r to permit the burst to pass through This comp mo ra laEA(, amo(=t if a E A( worst-case bounds (i.e. the bounds must apply fo ble behaviors of the ot her sources ) the primary function of This completely characterizes the dynamics of the fluid a scheduling algorit hm designed to deliver guaranteed flow model. Parekh and P allager have shown the remark is to isoamte fows from each ot he that a f able result that, in a network with arbitrary topology, if a have only a limited negative e ffect on other flows. The WFQ flow gets the same clock rate at every switch and the sum of scheme isolates each source from the others by providing it a the clock rates of all the flows at every switch is no greater specified share of the bandwid th under overload conditions. than the link speed, then the queueing delay of that flow is The work of Parekh and P allager provides a way for tI bounded above by b°(r Intuitively this bound is the source to compute the maximum queueing delay which its delay that would result from an inst ant aneous packet burst packets will encounter, provided that the source rest ricts of the token bucket size being serviced by a single link of self to a(, b)token bucket filter. But the network's schedul rate r; the queueing delays are no worse than if the ent ir ing algorithm does not depend on this filter. Indeed, an im. by noting that if flow a's traffic were put through a leaky P iven that the wfQ algorithm can deliver guaranteed bucket filter of rate r at the edge of the net work, then the service, why not use this algorithm to provide predicted ser flow would not suffer any furt her queueing delays within the vice as well? Recall that the goal of guaranteed service was network since the instantaneous service rate given to this to provide worst-case guarantees, which are required by in- 5 The we_rhted of tar 2_ng s ment oned on tolerant and rigid applications. The goal of predicted service is not to provide worst-case delay bounds, but rat her to min the actual post facto delay bounds the out at a jud jow ' fron of a saky bucket of rate', the bis dr ive applications to reel in the point. In the next section, we show that the wfQ algo-
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➛❤➙✥↔❩➙✥➜➍➝✖✥❸➢✄❫➙r➞✻Ï✰➜➍➫✥➤➡➙✍➥r➥✍➫❤➜✻➥■✦❩➝❤➜r➢③↔❤➛✳➭❏➵❋✑✹➵✳➲✚➺➡➻♠➁❳➂✚➈✍➘✹➂➇➆★➚❭➈✖➅✚➉❛➋❫➚❭➈✍➌✵➏❛➂✚➈ ➃❸➔✲➅❩➋♠➉❛➏r➆✥➌❤➏✆➉❛➈❄➄❛➐❼➒❸➏✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✲➏❛➂❼➃❸➄☎➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔✪➹❳➐✚➌✚➎❁➈✍➉☎➊✍➈❄➉❛➏r➆★➃❸➌❞➊✍➋♠➌✚➎❤➃✇➓ ➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄✍➹☛➊★➆❫➌✪➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚❭➈✍➉✂➆✯Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎❋➷❤➐➇➆★➒✇➃❸➏❏➘❋➋❫➑✿➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈☎➭✢✍ ✮✖✕✭✎s➺➡➻❢➼✞➈ ➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➈✍➌❤➏Ô➆✠➶❁➉➍➃❸➈➡➑✰➄❛➐✚➔✵➔☎➆✥➉❛➘✵➋❫➑✰➏❛➂✚➈➴➼✛✂✫➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✾➶❩➈➡➒❸➋✥➪✹➹❁➄➍➃❸➌✚➊✍➈ ➪✦➈✆➔➾➆❫✃♠➈☎➐✚➄❛➈✪➋✥➑➴➃❸➏✹➃❸➌❞➋♠➐✚➉✵➋✥➚♠➈✍➉r➆✍➒✇➒Ò➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒✇➃❸➌✚Ð→➆★➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔❅✰❳➄❛➈✍➈ ✬✖➈➡➑s➈✍➉❛➈✍➌✚➊✍➈✍➄☛✍✟❁➹ ✮✬✕✲✎✧➑s➋♠➉❳➔✵➋♠➉❛➈✹➎✚➈✍➏r➆✍➃✇➒❸➄✍➻ ✛✧➃❸➉❛➄❛➏✍➹☛➊✍➋❭➌❁➄➍➃❸➎✚➈✍➉✂➄❛➋♠➔✵➈✹➄❛➈✍➏Ò➋❫➑❢➱➇➋✥➪➴➄➮➆❫➌✚➎✞➆✵➄❛➈✍➏✠➋✥➑Ò➤✭✥❸➫✥➤r➧☎➜➍➝❤↕❦➙✍➥ ✠ ✹ ➻✿➁❳➂❁➈✹➊➡➒❸➋❤➊r✃✪➉r➆✥➏❛➈✹➋❫➑✦➆P➱➇➋✥➪✛➉❛➈✍➅✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➈✍➌❤➏❛➄Ò➏❛➂❁➈✹➉❛➈➡➒❷➆✥➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✵➄❛➂➇➆❫➉❛➈✹➋✥➑ ➏❛➂✚➈➴➒✇➃❸➌✚✃✪➶➇➆❫➌✚➎✚➪Ô➃❸➎✚➏❛➂✪➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✖➱❩➋✥➪✸➃❸➄✖➈❄➌❤➏➍➃❸➏➍➒❸➈✍➎❋➏❛➋ ✰✚➔✵➋❭➉❛➈✠➅✚➉❛➋♠➅❩➈✍➉➍➒❸➘❭➹❁➃❸➏ ➉❛➈❄➅❁➉❛➈✍➄❛➈❄➌❤➏❛➄➴➏❛➂✚➈✠➅✚➉❛➋♠➅➇➋♠➉❛➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❋➋✥➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✠➏❛➋❭➏r➆★➒☛➒✇➃❸➌❁✃☎➶➇➆❫➌✚➎❁➪✖➃❸➎✚➏❛➂❋➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂ ➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✵➱❩➋✥➪ ➪✖➃✇➒✇➒✹➉❛➈✍➊✍➈r➃❸➚♠➈❋➪❳➂❁➈❄➌Ý➃❸➏✵➃❸➄✏➆❫➊✍➏➍➃❸➚❭➈♠➻ ✎✳➘❞➆✥➄❛➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌❤➃❸➌❁Ð❞➃❸➏✏➆ ➊r➒❸➋❤➊➡✃▼➉r➆✥➏❛➈ ✠ ✹ ➏❛➂✚➈☎➌❁➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✞➊✍➋❭➔✵➔✯➃❸➏❛➄✵➏❛➋✏➅❁➉❛➋✥➚♠➃❸➎✚➈❋➏❛➋❋➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✹➱❩➋✥➪ ➆✥➌Ñ➈rÞ☛➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➚❭➈✆➏❛➂✚➉❛➋♠➐✚Ð♠➂✚➅✚➐❁➏✂➉r➆❫➏❛➈✵➌✚➋✪➪✦➋♠➉❛➄❛➈✵➏❛➂➇➆❫➌❞➭✒✽ ✠ ✹➇➺✝✆❼➭✟✞✡✠ ✠ ✠ ➺ ➪❳➂✚➈✍➉❛➈✖➏❛➂✚➈✖➄❛➐✚➔ã➃❸➌✵➏❛➂✚➈✖➎✚➈✍➌✚➋♠➔✯➃❸➌➇➆❫➏❛➋❭➉ ➃❸➄❢➋✥➚♠➈❄➉✿➆★➒✇➒➇➊✍➐❁➉❛➉❛➈❄➌❤➏➍➒❸➘✵➆✥➊✍➏➍➃❸➚♠➈ ➱➇➋✥➪❳➄✍➻ ➁❳➂❼➃❸➄✿➑❦➋♠➉❛➔✂➐❼➒❷➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❋➊✥➆✥➌✵➶❩➈Ò➔☎➆❫➎✚➈✠➅✚➉❛➈✍➊➡➃❸➄❛➈❳➃❸➌✪➏❛➂✚➈➴➊❄➋♠➌❤➏❛➈✍➬❤➏✖➋✥➑❱➆ ➱➇➐❤➃❸➎✆➱➇➋❫➪❞➔✵➋❤➎✚➈➡➒☛➋✥➑✰➏❛➂❁➈❳➌✚➈✍➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❩➹❤➪❳➂❁➈❄➉❛➈➴➏❛➂✚➈❳➶❼➃❸➏❛➄✦➎❁➉r➆✍➃❸➌✆➊❄➋♠➌❤➏➍➃❸➌❤➓ ➐✚➋♠➐✚➄➍➒❸➘✂➋♠➐✚➏❢➋❫➑➇➏❛➂❁➈✿➷❤➐❁➈❄➐❁➈♠➻★✳☛➈✍➏ ✕ ✹✖ ➆✥➌❁➎ ✑ ✹✖ ➎❁➈❄➌❁➋❭➏❛➈✖➏❛➂❁➈✿Ð♠➈❄➌❁➈✍➉r➆✥➏➍➃❸➋♠➌ ➏➍➃❸➔✲➈✹➆❫➌✚➎✪➄➍➃❸à❄➈♠➹✚➉❛➈✍➄❛➅❩➈✍➊✍➏➍➃❸➚❭➈➡➒❸➘♠➹☛➋✥➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✏✗✷✳ ➏❛➂✲➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏Ò➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚♠➃❸➌✚Ð➾➃❸➌☎➏❛➂✚➈ ✻ ✳ ➏❛➂✯➱➇➋✥➪P➻✿➼✞➈❳➎❁➈➡➽➇➌✚➈✹➏❛➂❁➈Ò➄❛➈✍➏✳➋✥➑☛➑❦➐❁➌✚➊✍➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❁➄☞☛✹ ➭ ✕ ➺➡➹❤➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂☎➊➡➂➇➆❫➉➍➓ ➆✥➊✍➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✍➈✏➆✥➏✵➆✥➌❤➘Ñ➏➍➃❸➔✵➈☎➏❛➂✚➈✵➶➇➆❫➊r✃♠➒❸➋♠Ð✞➋❫➑❳➶❤➃❸➏❛➄✵➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂▼➈✥➆✥➊➡➂⑧➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈ ➂➇➆❫➄✦➏❛➋✹➄❛➈✍➌❁➎☛➹➇➆❫➌✚➎☎➄❛➈✍➏✌☛✹ ➭ ✕♠➺ ✥ ✕❼➻✿➼✞➈❳➄r➆★➘✲➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✖➆➴➱➇➋✥➪Ý➃❸➄❳➆✥➊✍➏➍➃❸➚♠➈ ➆✥➏❢➏➍➃❸➔✵➈ ✕ ➃✇➑✍☛✹ ➭ ✕ ➺✌✎✚✕ ✰❭➒❸➈✍➏✑✏✂➭ ✕ ➺✻➎✚➈✍➌✚➋♠➏❛➈❳➏❛➂❁➈✦➄❛➈✍➏❢➋❫➑✰➆✥➊✍➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✖➱➇➋✥➪➴➄✍➻ ➁❳➂✚➈✍➌☎➏❛➂❁➈Ò➎❁➘❤➌➇➆❫➔✂➃❸➊✍➄❳➋❫➑✰➏❛➂❁➈Ò➄❛➘❤➄❛➏❛➈✍➔✾➆✥➉❛➈✠➎✚➈✍➏❛➈✍➉❛➔✯➃❸➌✚➈✍➎ ➆❫➄❢➑❦➋❫➒✇➒❸➋✥➪❳➄✍➻ ➼→➂❁➈❄➌❁➈✍➚❭➈✍➉❳➆✠➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✦➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚❭➈✍➄✍➹✒☛ ➔✂➐❁➄❛➏✿➎❤➃❸➄❛➊✍➋♠➌❤➏➍➃❸➌❤➐✚➋♠➐✚➄➍➒③➘☎➃❸➌❁➊❄➉❛➈✥➆❫➄❛➈ ➶❤➘❋➏❛➂✚➈✂➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✠➄➍➃❸à✍➈❭❒✓☛✹ ➭ ✕✝✔ ➺✟✥✕☛✹ ➭ ✕ ✮ ➺ ✰ ✑ ✖ ➃✇➑ ✕ ✥ ✕ ✹✖ ➹☛➪❳➂✚➈✍➉❛➈ ☛✹✧➭ ✕ ✔ ➺✦➆❫➌✚➎✖☛✹✧➭ ✕ ✮ ➺✳➉❛➈➡➑s➈✍➉✳➏❛➋✂➉➍➃❸Ð♠➂❤➏❳➂➇➆❫➌✚➎❋➆✥➌❁➎✵➒❸➈➡➑❦➏✦➂❩➆✥➌❁➎☎➒✇➃❸➔✯➃❸➏❛➄ ➋✥➑☞☛✹ ➆✥➏ ✕ ➻✆☎➴➏✂➆✍➒✇➒❳➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✂➏➍➃❸➔✵➈✍➄✍➹✿➪✖➈✵✃❤➌✚➋✥➪✔➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✂➏❛➂❁➈☎➶❤➃❸➏❛➄✵➆✥➉❛➈ ➎✚➉r➆★➃❸➌❤➃❸➌✚Ð❋➋♠➐✚➏➴➋✥➑✿➏❛➂❁➈✂➷❤➐✚➈✍➐❁➈❄➄✠➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✲➆❫➊✍➏➍➃❸➚❭➈P➱➇➋✥➪➴➄✖➃❸➌❋➅✚➉❛➋♠➅❩➋❭➉❛➏➍➃❸➋♠➌ ➏❛➋✲➏❛➂❁➈✹➊➡➒❸➋❤➊r✃✪➉r➆✥➏❛➈✍➄❳➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✹➉❛➈✍➄❛➅❩➈✍➊❄➏➍➃❸➚♠➈✯➱➇➋✥➪➴➄✍❒ ✗✒☛✹ ➭ ✕ ➺ ✗✕ ✥ ✽ ✠ ✹ ✞✠✙✘✙✚✜✛✣✢✥✤ ✠ ✠ ➃✇➑ ✻✧✦★✏✂➭ ✕ ➺ ✓ ✗✜☛✹ ➭ ✕ ➺ ✗✕ ✥ ✕P➃✇➑ ✻✪✩✦✫✏✯➭ ✕ ➺ ➁❳➂❼➃❸➄✂➊✍➋❭➔✵➅❼➒❸➈❄➏❛➈➡➒❸➘Ñ➊r➂➇➆❫➉r➆❫➊❄➏❛➈✍➉➍➃❸à✍➈✍➄✂➏❛➂❁➈✲➎❁➘❤➌➇➆❫➔✯➃❸➊❄➄✵➋❫➑✦➏❛➂❁➈✂➱❩➐❤➃❸➎ ➱➇➋✥➪✔➔✵➋❤➎✚➈➡➒❦➻ ➵❢➆❫➉❛➈✍✃❤➂→➆✥➌❁➎✫✑✹➆✍➒✇➒❷➆❫Ð❭➈✍➉✵➂➇➆★➚❭➈☎➄❛➂❁➋✥➪❳➌▼➏❛➂✚➈✆➉❛➈❄➔☎➆❫➉❛✃♠➓ ➆✥➶❼➒❸➈☎➉❛➈✍➄❛➐❤➒❸➏✂➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✍➹✧➃❸➌❞➆☎➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃❋➪Ô➃❸➏❛➂①➆❫➉❛➶❤➃❸➏❛➉r➆❫➉❛➘✞➏❛➋♠➅❩➋✥➒❸➋♠Ð♠➘❭➹ ➃✇➑➴➆ ➱➇➋✥➪✸Ð❭➈✍➏❛➄✖➏❛➂✚➈➴➄r➆✥➔✵➈✠➊r➒❸➋❤➊➡✃✵➉r➆✥➏❛➈Ò➆❫➏✿➈✍➚♠➈✍➉❛➘✲➄❛➪Ô➃❸➏❛➊r➂✏➆❫➌✚➎☎➏❛➂❁➈❳➄❛➐✚➔ ➋✥➑ ➏❛➂✚➈✂➊➡➒❸➋❤➊➡✃✏➉r➆❫➏❛➈✍➄Ò➋❫➑✦➆✍➒✇➒❢➏❛➂✚➈P➱➇➋✥➪➴➄Ò➆✥➏✠➈✍➚❭➈✍➉❛➘☎➄❛➪Ô➃❸➏❛➊r➂✪➃❸➄✠➌✚➋☎Ð♠➉❛➈✥➆✥➏❛➈✍➉ ➏❛➂➇➆❫➌❋➏❛➂✚➈✠➒✇➃❸➌✚✃❋➄❛➅❩➈✍➈✍➎☛➹❩➏❛➂✚➈✍➌❋➏❛➂✚➈✹➷❤➐❁➈✍➐✚➈➡➃❸➌✚Ð✪➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❋➋❫➑❱➏❛➂❩➆✥➏➴➱➇➋❫➪❑➃❸➄ ➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎✚➈✍➎⑧➆❫➶❩➋✥➚♠➈✂➶❤➘✚☛✄✹✧➭✒✠✺✹☛➺✝✆ ✠✺✹✧➻✿➯➍➌❤➏❛➐❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➚♠➈r➒❸➘♠➹❢➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✠➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎✪➃❸➄✠➏❛➂✚➈ ➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✪➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➪✖➋❭➐❼➒❸➎❋➉❛➈❄➄❛➐❼➒❸➏❳➑❦➉❛➋♠➔ ➆✥➌✆➃❸➌✚➄❛➏r➆❫➌❤➏r➆❫➌✚➈✍➋❭➐❁➄✹➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏Ò➶❁➐✚➉❛➄❛➏ ➋✥➑Ò➏❛➂❁➈✏➏❛➋♠✃♠➈❄➌Ý➶✚➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✵➄➍➃❸à✍➈✏➶❩➈➡➃❸➌✚Ð▼➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✍➎→➶❤➘❞➆✪➄➍➃❸➌✚Ð❫➒❸➈✪➒✇➃❸➌✚✃Ý➋✥➑ ➉r➆✥➏❛➈✸✠ ✹ ✰✚➏❛➂✚➈✯➷❤➐✚➈✍➐✚➈➡➃❸➌✚Ð✪➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❤➄✹➆❫➉❛➈✂➌✚➋✵➪✖➋♠➉❛➄❛➈✹➏❛➂➇➆❫➌✪➃✇➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✹➈✍➌❤➏➍➃❸➉❛➈ ➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃✞➪✖➈✍➉❛➈☎➉❛➈✍➅❤➒❷➆❫➊✍➈❄➎Ý➶❤➘⑧➆✪➄➍➃❸➌✚Ð❫➒❸➈✪➒✇➃❸➌✚✃▼➪✖➃❸➏❛➂❞➆✪➄❛➅❩➈✍➈✍➎❞➈✍➷❤➐➇➆★➒ ➏❛➋✞➏❛➂✚➈✆➱➇➋❫➪✗✳ ➄✵➊➡➒❸➋❤➊r✃❞➉r➆❫➏❛➈✚✠ ✹ ➻❞➁❳➂❼➃❸➄✲➉❛➈✍➄❛➐❼➒❸➏☎➊✥➆✥➌✸➶❩➈✏➔✵➋♠➏➍➃❸➚❭➆✥➏❛➈✍➎ ➶❤➘✞➌✚➋♠➏➍➃❸➌✚ÐÑ➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✹➃✇➑✖➱➇➋❫➪ ✻ ✳ ➄Ò➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊☎➪✖➈❄➉❛➈✵➅❁➐✚➏✂➏❛➂❁➉❛➋❭➐❁Ð❭➂❞➆✆➒❸➈✥➆❫✃❤➘ ➶✚➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✳➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✖➋❫➑✰➉r➆✥➏❛➈✏✠✺✹☎➆❫➏✖➏❛➂✚➈❳➈✍➎❁Ð❭➈✠➋✥➑✻➏❛➂✚➈❳➌❁➈❄➏➍➪✖➋❭➉❛✃✭✬❼➹ä➏❛➂❁➈✍➌☎➏❛➂✚➈ ➱➇➋✥➪✸➪✖➋❭➐❼➒❸➎☎➌✚➋♠➏✿➄❛➐❼Þ❙➈✍➉❳➆❫➌❤➘✹➑❦➐✚➉❛➏❛➂❁➈❄➉✳➷❤➐✚➈✍➐✚➈➡➃❸➌❁Ð✲➎❁➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❤➄❳➪✖➃❸➏❛➂❼➃❸➌☎➏❛➂✚➈ ➌✚➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃❞➄➍➃❸➌✚➊✍➈❋➏❛➂❁➈☎➃❸➌❁➄❛➏r➆✥➌❤➏r➆❫➌✚➈✍➋♠➐✚➄❋➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❋➉r➆✥➏❛➈❋Ð❫➃❸➚❭➈✍➌✸➏❛➋✞➏❛➂❼➃❸➄ ❫ð✰ì✥ç✖ñ☛ç✔✘ û✍ì✍í❦ç❛õ✗✙rç❛ê❦è▲✘ ô✍ÿ✵ô★ ✡♠é✞✘ ê✯✮✻ò❫ç❛ò✥ç✔✘ÿ❫û✗✘ è ✚✦ç❛ÿ✍í✆✘ ô✍ÿ✥ç❛õ✂ô✍ÿ✯ó❭é➡û❄ç ❀✓ ô ★ æ✰ç★ç❛ê❦ç❛ÿ❫ë❛ç ✘✓✚ ✠ í❦ì✥ô✍ò✥û✍ì✯ÿ✥ô✍í✿ê❦ç★ç❛ê❦ê◗ç❛õ✂í❦ô✹ö✍÷✂í◗ì✥ç❳ÿ❭é❀✚✖ç✱✰✹ç✔✘ û❄ì✍í❦ç❛õ ✡❭é❀✘ ê ✮✻ò✥ç❛ò✥ç✔✘ ÿ✥û✒✪ ✬ ï❷ÿ✂é✯✲äò✟✘ õ✓✲❤ôrñ❋✙➡ç❛ê❦è✆✘ ô✍ÿ✂ô★ é❂✩ çré❬✍÷✠ö✥ò✥ë❬rç❛í✿ô★ ê❏é➡í❦ç✌✳ ✠ í◗ì✥ç✖ö✟✘ í◗è✿õ✥ê❏é❀✘ ÿ ô❄ò❫í❱é➡í❢é✖ë❛ô✍ÿ✥è❦í❏é➡ÿ✍í✰ê➍érí◗ç✴✳Ôé➡ÿ✥õ✂é➡ÿ✍÷❳ç✔❊✍ë❛ç❛è❦è✼✘ è✶✵✍ò✥ç❛ò❫ç❛õ✻✪ ➱➇➋❫➪ ➆✥➏✯➈❄➚♠➈✍➉❛➘▼➄❛➪✖➃❸➏❛➊r➂→➆★➒❸➋♠➌✚Ð▼➏❛➂✚➈✪➅➇➆❫➏❛➂❞➪✖➋❭➐❼➒❸➎❞➶❩➈ ➆❫➏✯➒❸➈✥➆✥➄❛➏✵✠ ✹ ➻ ➁❳➂❤➐❁➄✍➹Ò➆✍➒✇➒✹➋✥➑✂➏❛➂❁➈❋➷❤➐✚➈✍➐✚➈➡➃❸➌❁Ð→➎❁➈r➒❷➆★➘→➪✖➋♠➐❤➒❸➎❑➋❤➊✍➊✍➐✚➉✵➃❸➌❑➏❛➂❁➈✪➒❸➈★➆❫✃❤➘ ➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈✍➏✖➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉Ò➆❫➌✚➎✧➹➇➄➍➃❸➌❁➊❄➈✯➏❛➂✚➈➴➱➇➋✥➪⑤➋❭➶❩➈✍➘❤➄Ò➆❫➌✞➭✒✠ ✹ ✓✄☛ ✹✻➭✒✠✺✹❩➺❛➺✖➏❛➋♠✃❭➈✍➌ ➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈✍➏✹➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✍➹✿➏❛➂❁➈☎➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘Ñ➃❸➌❞➏❛➂❁➈✯➒❸➈★➆❫✃❤➘▼➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈❄➏✯➽❁➒❸➏❛➈❄➉✯➪✖➋❭➐❼➒❸➎❞➶❩➈ ➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎❁➈❄➎✸➶❤➘ ☛✄✹✻➭✒✠ ✹➇➺✝✆ ✠✺✹✻➻▼➸❳➋♠➏➍➃❸➊✍➈✏➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✵➏❛➂✚➈✆➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❞➶❩➋♠➐✚➌✚➎✸➋❫➑➮➆ ➅➇➆❫➉❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➐❤➒❷➆❫➉✹➱❩➋✥➪⑤➃❸➄✲➢③↔❩➞❤➙➍Ï➇➙✥↔❩➞❤➙✍↔❩↕❤➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✂➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉➴➱➇➋✥➪➴➄☛✳☛➊r➂➇➆❫➉r➆❫➊❄➏❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➃❸➄❛➏➍➃❸➊✍➄☛✰☛➏❛➂✚➈✍➘✵➊✥➆✥➌✪➶❩➈✂➆✥➉❛➶❼➃❸➏❛➉r➆✥➉➍➃✇➒❸➘❋➶❩➆✥➎❼➒❸➘✏➶❩➈✍➂➇➆✍➚♠➈✍➎ ➆❫➌✚➎✪➏❛➂✚➈✹➶❩➋♠➐✚➌❁➎ ➄❛➏➍➃✇➒✇➒Ò➆✥➅❁➅❤➒✇➃❸➈✍➄✍➻✞✛❁➐✚➉❛➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➔✵➋♠➉❛➈❭➹❢➏❛➂❁➈❄➄❛➈✵➶❩➋♠➐✚➌✚➎❁➄☎➆✥➉❛➈✵➄❛➏❛➉➍➃❸➊✍➏✍➹✻➃❸➌⑧➏❛➂❩➆✥➏ ➏❛➂✚➈✍➘☎➊✥➆❫➌☎➶❩➈✹➉❛➈✥➆✍➒✇➃❸à✍➈✍➎❋➪✖➃❸➏❛➂❋➆✹➄❛➈✍➏✖➋✥➑✿➛❤➜➍➙r➙r➞●❑✖➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈✍➄❳➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂✪✃❭➈✍➈✍➅ ➏❛➂✚➈➡➃❸➉✠➏❛➋❭✃♠➈✍➌✏➶❁➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄✠➈❄➔✵➅❁➏❏➘♠➻ ➁➴➂✚➈✠➅✚➉❛➈✍➚♠➃❸➋❭➐❁➄❳➅➇➆❫➉r➆❫Ð❭➉r➆❫➅✚➂❁➄Ò➎❁➈❄➄❛➊✍➉➍➃❸➶❩➈✹➼✛✂ã➃❸➌☎➏❛➂❁➈❳➱❩➐❤➃❸➎✆➱➇➋✥➪ ➆❫➅✚➅✚➉❛➋❫➬♠➃❸➔➾➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☛➻ ✫✠➌✚➈➴➊★➆❫➌✵➎✚➈➡➽➇➌❁➈Ò➏❛➂❁➈✖➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏➍➃❸à✍➈✍➎✪➚❭➈✍➉❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌☎➋✥➑☛➏❛➂❁➈ ➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔❅➃❸➌✞➆✯➄❛➏❛➉r➆★➃❸Ð❭➂❤➏➍➑❦➋♠➉❛➪❳➆✥➉❛➎Ñ➔➾➆❫➌✚➌❁➈✍➉✍➻Òá❳➈➡➽➇➌❁➈✸✷✺✹✖ ➭ ✕ ➺Ô➑❦➋❭➉Ò➆★➒✇➒ ✕ ✶ ✕ ✹✖ ➆✥➄✹➏❛➂❁➈✵➌❤➐✚➔✂➶❩➈✍➉✹➋❫➑Ô➶❼➃❸➏❛➄✹➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✹➂➇➆✍➚♠➈☎➶❩➈✍➈✍➌✞➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❄➎Ñ➑❦➉❛➋♠➔ ➏❛➂✚➈✠➱❩➋✥➪ ✻Ñ➶❩➈✍➏❏➪✖➈✍➈✍➌✏➏❛➂❁➈✹➏➍➃❸➔✵➈❄➄ ✕ ✹✖ ➆❫➌✚➎ ✕ ➻✯☎Ò➄❛➄❛➋❤➊➡➃❷➆❫➏❛➈✂➪✖➃❸➏❛➂❋➈✥➆❫➊r➂ ➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏Ò➏❛➂❁➈✠➑❦➐✚➌✚➊✍➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✺✹✖✹ ➭ ✕ ➺ ✥✛➭✟☛✹ ➭ ✕ ✹✖ ➺ ✲ ✷✖✹ ➭ ✕ ➺❛➺✝✆ ✠ ✹ ➪➴➂✚➈✍➉❛➈✂➪✖➈ ➏r➆❫✃❭➈☎➏❛➂❁➈✵➉➍➃❸Ð❭➂❤➏➍➓❏➂❩➆✥➌❁➎▼➒✇➃❸➔✯➃❸➏☎➋❫➑✻☛ ✰❢➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✯➌❤➐✚➔✂➶❩➈✍➉✹➃❸➄✯➏❛➂✚➈✵➒❸➈✍➚♠➈➡➒✦➋❫➑ ➶➇➆❫➊r✃♠➒❸➋♠Ð❋➆✥➂❁➈★➆❫➎❋➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✂➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✏✗✻➃❸➌❋➏❛➂❁➈✹➱➇➋❫➪ ✻ ✳ ➄✖➷❤➐❁➈❄➐❁➈✵➎❤➃❸➚♠➃❸➎✚➈✍➎ ➶❤➘☎➏❛➂❁➈✹➱➇➋❫➪✗✳ ➄❳➄❛➂❩➆✥➉❛➈✹➋❫➑✿➏❛➂✚➈✠➒✇➃❸➌❁✃❩➹❱➆❫➌✚➎❋➊✥➆❫➌✏➶❩➈✂➏❛➂❁➋❭➐❁Ð❭➂❤➏✠➋❫➑✦➆✥➄Ò➆❫➌ ➙✄✂➡Ï❩➙r➤✥↕❦➙➡➞✖➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✪➐✚➌❤➏➍➃✇➒❢➎✚➈✍➅➇➆❫➉❛➏❛➐✚➉❛➈P➑❦➋❭➉✖➏❛➂✚➈✠➒❷➆❫➄❛➏❳➶❼➃❸➏❳➃❸➌✪➏❛➂✚➈✹➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✍➻ ➁❳➂❁➈✞➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏➍➃❸à✍➈❄➎⑤➚❭➈✍➉❛➄➍➃❸➋♠➌✫➋❫➑✲➼✛✂ ➃❸➄✪➔✲➈✍➉❛➈➡➒❸➘♠➹➮➆❫➏ ➆❫➌❤➘✸➏➍➃❸➔✲➈ ✕ ➪❳➂❁➈❄➌✪➏❛➂✚➈✹➌❁➈✍➬❤➏Ò➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❳➏❛➋✵➶❩➈✹➏❛➉r➆✥➌❁➄❛➔✯➃❸➏❛➏❛➈❄➎❋➔✯➐✚➄❛➏❳➶❩➈✯➊r➂✚➋♠➄❛➈✍➌☛➹❩➏❛➋ ➄❛➈➡➒❸➈✍➊❄➏✵➏❛➂❁➈☎➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✂➪✖➃❸➏❛➂▼➏❛➂✚➈✆➔✂➃❸➌❼➃❸➔☎➆✍➒☞✹✏✹✖ ➭ ✕ ➺➡➻✪➁❳➂❤➃❸➄✵➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➃❸➄✠➊★➆★➒✇➒❸➈✍➎⑧➆✯➏➍➃❸➔✵➈➡➓❏➄❛➏r➆✥➔✵➅❋➶❩➆✥➄❛➈✍➎❋➄❛➊r➂❁➈✍➔✲➈✹➶❩➈✍➊✥➆✥➐❁➄❛➈✂➏❛➂❁➈❄➉❛➈P➃❸➄Ò➆❫➌✞➆✍➒✇➓ ➏❛➈✍➉❛➌➇➆❫➏➍➃❸➚❭➈✹➶❁➐✚➏✳➈❄➷❤➐❼➃❸➚❭➆★➒❸➈❄➌❤➏➴➑❦➋❭➉❛➔✯➐❤➒❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌✪➃❸➌✆➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂☎➈✥➆✥➊➡➂☎➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✿➃❸➄ ➄❛➏r➆❫➔✲➅❩➈✍➎❞➪✖➃❸➏❛➂✸➆▼↕❦➢✔✂➙✏▲➍➥❄↕❦➝✆✔ÔÏ ➆❫➄✹➃❸➏☎➆❫➉❛➉➍➃❸➚❭➈✍➄☎➆❫➌✚➎❞➏❛➂❁➈❄➌▼➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄ ➆❫➉❛➈Ò➏❛➉r➆❫➌✚➄❛➔✯➃❸➏❛➏❛➈✍➎✪➃❸➌☎➃❸➌❁➊✍➉❛➈★➆❫➄➍➃❸➌✚Ð✪➋♠➉❛➎✚➈✍➉✖➋✥➑❢➏➍➃❸➔✵➈r➓➍➄❛➏r➆✥➔✵➅✚➄☛✰❩➄❛➈✍➈ ✬Ô➈r➑③➓ ➈✍➉❛➈✍➌✚➊✍➈✍➄✆✍✟❁➹ ✮✖✕✭✎✿➑❦➋❭➉✹➎❁➈✍➏r➆✍➃✇➒❸➄✵➋♠➌✞➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✯➑❦➋♠➉❛➔✂➐❤➒❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋♠➌☛➻ ➵❢➆❫➉❛➈✍✃❤➂❞➆✥➌❁➎ ✑✹➆★➒✇➒❷➆✥Ð♠➈✍➉✹➂➇➆✍➚♠➈✹➄❛➂✚➋✥➪➴➌❋➏❛➂➇➆❫➏Ò➆✯➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎☛➹☛➄➍➃❸➔✯➃✇➒❷➆❫➉✹➏❛➋✲➏❛➂❁➈✠➱➇➐❼➃❸➎✪➱➇➋✥➪ ➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎✧➹Ô➆❫➅✚➅❼➒✇➃❸➈❄➄✵➏❛➋❋➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✲➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏➍➃❸à✍➈✍➎→➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✒➆❫➄✂➪✖➈➡➒✇➒❦➻✞ß❳➋✥➪Ô➓ ➈✍➚❭➈✍➉✍➹☛➏❛➂❁➈✹➑❦➋❭➉❛➔✯➐❤➒❷➆❫➈✯➑s➋♠➉✠➏❛➂✚➈✂➎❁➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❤➄✠➃❸➌✞➏❛➂❁➈✂➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏➍➃❸à✍➈❄➎▼➊✥➆❫➄❛➈✲➆❫➉❛➈ ➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌❤➃✇➽➇➊✥➆❫➌❤➏➍➒❷➘✵➔✵➋❭➉❛➈✳➊✍➋❭➔✵➅❤➒✇➃❸➊✥➆❫➏❛➈✍➎✍✰❩➄❛➈❄➈ ✬✖➈➡➑❦➈❄➉❛➈✍➌❁➊❄➈ ✍ ✮✬✕✭✎❤➑❦➋❭➉✻➎✚➈✍➏r➆★➃✇➒❸➄✍➻ ➁❢➋✹➐❁➌✚➎❁➈❄➉❛➄❛➏r➆❫➌✚➎❋➏❛➂❁➈Ò➉❛➈➡➒❷➆❫➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❋➶❩➈✍➏➍➪✦➈✍➈✍➌☎➏❛➂❁➈Ò➊➡➒❸➋❤➊r✃✆➉r➆✥➏❛➈✏✠♠➹✚➏❛➂❁➈ ➶✚➐❁➊r✃♠➈✍➏❳➄➍➃❸à✍➈✸☛✍➭✒✠✥➺❳➆❫➌✚➎✪➏❛➂✚➈✠➉❛➈✍➄❛➐❤➒❸➏r➆❫➌❤➏❳➎✚➈➡➒❷➆✍➘♠➹☛➊✍➋♠➌✚➄➍➃❸➎✚➈✍➉❳➪➴➂➇➆❫➏❳➂➇➆❫➅❤➓ ➅❩➈✍➌✚➄✪➏❛➋⑧➆Ñ➶✚➐❁➉❛➄❛➏☎➋✥➑✂➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏❛➄✍➻❑➁❳➂❁➈❋➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈❄➏✆➏❛➂➇➆❫➏☎➉❛➈✍➊❄➈➡➃❸➚♠➈✍➄✏➏❛➂❁➈ ➂❤➃❸Ð♠➂✚➈✍➄❛➏☎➷❤➐❁➈✍➐✚➈➡➃❸➌✚Ð❞➎❁➈➡➒❷➆✍➘❞➃❸➄✵➏❛➂❁➈☎➒❷➆❫➄❛➏☎➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏✵➋✥➑✂➆❋➶❁➐✚➉❛➄❛➏✍➻❞➁❳➂❁➈ ➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎▼➋♠➌✞➏❛➂✚➈❃✲➍➃❸➏❛➏❛➈✍➉✠➃❸➄✹➅✚➉❛➋♠➅❩➋❭➉❛➏➍➃❸➋♠➌➇➆★➒Ò➏❛➋☎➏❛➂❁➈✲➄➍➃❸à✍➈✵➋❫➑Ô➏❛➂❁➈✵➶✚➐✚➉❛➄❛➏ ➆❫➌✚➎✪➃❸➌❤➚♠➈❄➉❛➄❛➈➡➒❸➘❋➅❁➉❛➋❭➅❩➋♠➉❛➏➍➃❸➋❭➌❩➆✍➒✖➏❛➋✲➏❛➂❁➈✂➊➡➒❸➋❤➊r✃✪➉r➆❫➏❛➈❭➻✳➁❳➂✚➈✹➔✵➈✥➆✥➌❁➄Ò➶❤➘ ➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂✸➏❛➂✚➈❋➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈❋➊✥➆✥➌Ý➃❸➔✵➅✚➉❛➋✥➚♠➈❋➏❛➂✚➈❋➪✖➋♠➉❛➄❛➏✲➊✥➆❫➄❛➈✏➶❩➋♠➐✚➌❁➎✸➃❸➄☎➏❛➋ ➃❸➌✚➊✍➉❛➈✥➆❫➄❛➈✠➃❸➏❛➄❳➊➡➒❸➋❤➊r✃☎➉r➆❫➏❛➈ ✠✠➏❛➋✯➅❩➈❄➉❛➔✯➃❸➏❳➏❛➂❁➈Ò➶❁➐✚➉❛➄❛➏✖➏❛➋✂➅❩➆✥➄❛➄➴➏❛➂✚➉❛➋♠➐✚Ð♠➂ ➏❛➂✚➈✹➌❁➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃☎➔✵➋❭➉❛➈✯➷❤➐❤➃❸➊r✃♠➒❸➘♠➻ ➲ä➃❸➌✚➊✍➈✞➏❛➂❁➈❋➶❩➋❭➐❁➌✚➎✚➄✪Ð❫➃❸➚❭➈✍➌✸➃❸➌❑Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎❑➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊❄➈Ñ➔✂➐❁➄❛➏☎➶❩➈ ➪✖➋❭➉❛➄❛➏➍➓➍➊★➆❫➄❛➈✠➶➇➋♠➐✚➌❁➎✚➄✹➭③➃❦➻ ➈♠➻✿➏❛➂✚➈❳➶❩➋♠➐✚➌❁➎✚➄✠➔✂➐✚➄❛➏✖➆✥➅❁➅❤➒❸➘✆➑❦➋❭➉✖➆✍➒✇➒✰➅❩➋♠➄❛➄➍➃✇➓ ➶❤➒❸➈✯➶❩➈❄➂❩➆✍➚♠➃❸➋♠➉❛➄✹➋✥➑✿➏❛➂❁➈✹➋❭➏❛➂❁➈❄➉➴➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊❄➈✍➄r➺➡➹☛➏❛➂❁➈✹➅✚➉➍➃❸➔☎➆✥➉❛➘✆➑❦➐✚➌❁➊❄➏➍➃❸➋♠➌❋➋❫➑ ➆✪➄❛➊r➂❁➈✍➎✚➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð❞➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➎✚➈✍➄➍➃❸Ð♠➌✚➈✍➎❞➏❛➋❋➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚♠➈✍➉✲Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆❫➌❤➏❛➈❄➈✍➎❞➄❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✵➃❸➄✂➏❛➋❞➢ ➥✍➫✖✥❸➝❤↕❦➙✖➱❩➋✥➪❳➄✠➑❦➉❛➋❭➔ ➈★➆❫➊r➂▼➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✍➹❢➄❛➋✏➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✵➆✵➱❩➋✥➪✔➊★➆❫➌ ➂➇➆★➚❭➈❳➋♠➌❤➒❸➘✵➆✖➒✇➃❸➔✯➃❸➏❛➈✍➎☎➌❁➈❄Ð❤➆❫➏➍➃❸➚❭➈✠➈➡Þ❙➈✍➊✍➏❢➋♠➌✲➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉✻➱❩➋✥➪❳➄✍➻❢➁❳➂✚➈✖➼✛✂ ➄❛➊r➂❁➈✍➔✲➈Ô➃❸➄❛➋✥➒❷➆❫➏❛➈✍➄✦➈✥➆❫➊r➂✯➄❛➋❭➐❁➉❛➊❄➈Ô➑s➉❛➋♠➔✛➏❛➂✚➈✖➋♠➏❛➂✚➈✍➉❛➄✿➶❤➘✯➅✚➉❛➋✥➚♠➃❸➎❼➃❸➌✚Ð✯➃❸➏✿➆ ➄❛➅❩➈✍➊r➃✇➽❩➈✍➎❋➄❛➂➇➆❫➉❛➈✹➋✥➑❢➏❛➂✚➈✹➶❩➆✥➌❁➎✚➪✖➃❸➎❁➏❛➂❋➐✚➌✚➎❁➈✍➉Ò➋✥➚♠➈✍➉➍➒❸➋ä➆❫➎❋➊✍➋❭➌❁➎❤➃❸➏➍➃❸➋♠➌✚➄✍➻ ➁❳➂❁➈❋➪✦➋♠➉❛✃▼➋✥➑✲➵❢➆❫➉❛➈✍✃❤➂ ➆❫➌✚➎ ✑✹➆★➒✇➒❷➆✥Ð♠➈✍➉❋➅✚➉❛➋✥➚♠➃❸➎❁➈❄➄❋➆Ñ➪❳➆✍➘▼➑❦➋❭➉✵➏❛➂❁➈ ➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈☎➏❛➋✪➊❄➋♠➔✵➅✚➐❁➏❛➈☎➏❛➂✚➈☎➔☎➆❫➬♠➃❸➔✂➐❁➔❐➷❤➐✚➈✍➐✚➈➡➃❸➌❁Ð⑧➎❁➈➡➒❷➆✍➘✞➪❳➂❼➃❸➊r➂▼➃❸➏❛➄ ➅➇➆❫➊r✃♠➈✍➏❛➄✖➪✖➃✇➒✇➒❱➈✍➌❁➊❄➋♠➐✚➌❤➏❛➈✍➉✍➹✚➅❁➉❛➋✥➚♠➃❸➎✚➈✍➎❋➏❛➂❩➆✥➏✖➏❛➂✚➈✠➄❛➋♠➐✚➉❛➊✍➈Ò➉❛➈✍➄❛➏❛➉➍➃❸➊✍➏❛➄✖➃❸➏➍➓ ➄❛➈➡➒✇➑✰➏❛➋✹➆✹➭✒✠✭✓ ☛➡➺✻➏❛➋❭✃♠➈✍➌✵➶✚➐✚➊➡✃❭➈✍➏ ➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉✍➻ ✎✳➐✚➏❢➏❛➂❁➈✦➌❁➈✍➏❏➪✖➋♠➉❛✃ ✳ ➄✿➄❛➊➡➂✚➈✍➎✚➐❼➒✇➓ ➃❸➌✚Ð☎➆★➒❸Ð❭➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔ ➎✚➋❤➈✍➄✖➌✚➋♠➏✖➎✚➈✍➅❩➈❄➌❁➎❋➋❭➌✆➏❛➂❤➃❸➄✖➽❁➒❸➏❛➈❄➉✍➻✳➯❏➌❁➎✚➈✍➈✍➎☛➹☛➆✥➌✵➃❸➔✯➓ ➅❩➋❭➉❛➏r➆❫➌❤➏✹➅❩➋✥➃❸➌❤➏✹➆❫➶➇➋♠➐✚➏✹➏❛➂❼➃❸➄✠➑❦➋❭➉❛➔✾➋❫➑✦Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎✞➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✯➃❸➄Ò➏❛➂❩➆✥➏ ➏❛➂✚➈✹➏❛➉r➆★Ó☎➊✠➽✚➒❸➏❛➈✍➉❛➄✠➎✚➋☎➌❁➋❭➏❳➅❼➒❷➆✍➘❋➆✥➌❤➘☎➉❛➋❫➒❸➈✹➃❸➌❋➅❩➆✥➊➡✃❭➈✍➏✠➄❛➊r➂❁➈❄➎❁➐❤➒✇➃❸➌❁Ð✚➻ ✑➴➃❸➚♠➈✍➌❞➏❛➂➇➆❫➏✂➏❛➂❁➈☎➼✛✂ ➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋❭➉➍➃❸➏❛➂❁➔ ➊✥➆✥➌▼➎✚➈➡➒✇➃❸➚♠➈✍➉☎Ð❭➐❩➆✥➉r➆❫➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎ ➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈❭➹❁➪❳➂❤➘✂➌❁➋❭➏✖➐✚➄❛➈➴➏❛➂❤➃❸➄❳➆✍➒❸Ð♠➋♠➉➍➃❸➏❛➂✚➔✾➏❛➋✹➅✚➉❛➋❫➚♠➃❸➎✚➈✹➅✚➉❛➈✍➎❼➃❸➊❄➏❛➈✍➎☎➄❛➈✍➉➍➓ ➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✲➆❫➄❳➪✖➈➡➒✇➒ ✬✖➈✍➊✥➆✍➒✇➒❢➏❛➂➇➆❫➏❳➏❛➂❁➈✹Ð❭➋❤➆✍➒❢➋❫➑❱Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➎❋➄❛➈✍➉❛➚♠➃❸➊✍➈✂➪❳➆✥➄ ➏❛➋✵➅✚➉❛➋✥➚♠➃❸➎❁➈✵➪✦➋♠➉❛➄❛➏➍➓❏➊✥➆❫➄❛➈✂Ð♠➐➇➆❫➉r➆✥➌❤➏❛➈✍➈✍➄✍➹☛➪❳➂❤➃❸➊➡➂✞➆✥➉❛➈✯➉❛➈✍➷❤➐❤➃❸➉❛➈✍➎✞➶❤➘✆➃❸➌❤➓ 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