6
The Marshall Plan • Secretary of State George Marshall (1880– 1959) saw clearly that piecemeal relief and patchwork policy would not suffice. In December 1947, Truman submitted to Congress the Marshall Plan. In 1948, an aid of $12 billion was approved for distribution to the countries of Western Europe over a four– year period. To stimulate business at home, the legislation provided that the foreign aid dollars must be spent in USA on American– made products
The NATO Finland Norway Sweden North Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom Belgium Luxembourg Poland Soviet Union Iceland Germany Canada United States France Hng Romania Italy Yugoslavia Black Sea Portugal Spain Greece Turnkey Atiantic Mediterranean Sea Ocean Moroco Algeria Tunisia North Atlantic Treaty Warsaw Treaty Organization (NATO) Organization (Warsaw Pact)
The Berlin Airlift, 1948 • In 1948, US, France, and Britain decided to found the Federal Republic of Germany. In June, the Soviets reacted by cutting off Western land access to the city of Berlin that sat well inside the Soviet zone. In response, Truman ordered U.S. planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift lasted almost a year. In May 1949, the German Democratic Republic. In April 1949, the United States, Canada, and many western European nations founded the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
金日成 李承晚 (1912-1994) (1875-1965)
13.2 The Korean War (1950–1953) • In August 1945, the Soviet Union agreed to accept the surrender of the Japanese in Korea north of 38°North Latitude, the 38th Parallel 38th Parallel, and the United States was to accept the surrender below that line. • In May 1948, the South Koreans proclaimed the Republic of Korea in August 1948, and elected Syngman Rhee as their President, and the North Koreans formed the rival Democratic People’s Republic and chose as their leader the communist Kim Il–Sung
The PRC U.N.Secu ·On June25,1950,N Yalu River across the 38th Paral raids.claimed that the masterminded the No Pyongyang President Truman's u Security Council me 38° of nine to zero that N Seoul accountable for the br Inchon ·The UN forces were American troops mad General Douglas Ma put in supreme comm Pusan
U.N. Security Council • On June 25, 1950, North Korea sent its forces across the 38th Parallel in reprisal for border raids. claimed that the Soviets had masterminded the North Korean attack. At President Truman’s urgent request, the U.N. Security Council met and concluded by a vote of nine to zero that North Korea was accountable for the breach of peace. • The UN forces were dispatched, of which American troops made up about 90 percent, and General Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964) was put in supreme command
● ●
Amphibious Assault • 1950, MacArthur reversed the war by launching a significant amphibious assault at Inchon behind the North Korean lines, a full–scale offensive then drove the North Koreans back toward the 38th Parallel. • Taking advantage of their momentary military superiority, U.N. forces pushed across the 38th Parallel on October 9, 1950 October 9, 1950, and pressed on toward the Yalu River Yalu River, the boundary between North Korea and the PRC