Primary Succession Time Pioneer Intermediate Climax community communities community g Exposed rocks Lichens Grasses Aspen White spruce Mosses Herbs Black spruce Balsam fir Shrubs Jack pine Paper birch Tree seedings
16 Primary Terrestrial Succession
Secondary Terrestrial Succession plowed crabgrass asters, blackberry Virginia oak-hickory climax field and other ragweed pine forest grasses goldenrod Time (years) 0 200
17 Secondary Terrestrial Succession