UNIT EXERCISE 3 1 Choose a verb with either the present perfect or past simple for these sentences.(A& E) continue disappea move I Research has shown. that cycling can help patients overcome their illnesses 2 The rabbit just in my garden one day last week. 3 With this promotion, I feel that I a turning point in my career. 4 Oh, no! My car 5 Quite early in the negotiations, they to lower the prices 6 In 1788 he his last great work in vienna 7 Theres not much more to do. now that we the main problem 8 Throughout the summer of 1980 Malcolm. to divide his time between London and New York 9 When he was 13, his parents to the United States 3.2 Suggest a verb that can complete both sentences in each pair. Use either the present perfect or the past simple. Use A to add any words space.(B, E C F) I a The price of houses dramatically in recent years. b Unemployment rery year until 1985 and then started to fall 2 a At his wedding he a green suit and red tie b These are the glasses I ever since i was 30 3 a The company. many setbacks in its 50-year history, but it is now flourishing b Few of the trees in our village the storms during the winter of 1991 his home for over 20 years and he doesn t want to leave it b When I picked up the coffee I surprised to find it that it was cold 5 a so far it's been so cold that we b We with mike and Sue last weekend 6 a I last you in Beijing three years ago. C b i never anyone play so well i whole life 3.3 Find the following:(i three sentences that are incorrect (ii) three sentences with the present perfect which could also have the past simple(consider the difference in meaning); ( Hi)three sentences where only the present perfect is correct.(A-G) I Jane has agreed to lend us her car. ii) 2 Do you know how many people have walked on the moon? 3 Phone for an ambulance. i think Keiths broken his arm 4 In his twenties, Lawrence has spent many years travelling around Spain 5 The Vikings have established a settlement at what is now York, in the north of england 6 The house looks so much bigger now that weve painted the walls in brighter colours 7 My brother has gone into town to buy some new shoes 8 The Earth has been formed about 4, 500 million years ago 9 Ive worked in Malaysia for three years
EXERCISES Choose a verb with either the present perfect or past simple for these sentences. (A & E) agree appear continue disappear move reach show solve write UNIT 3.1 1 Research ...li**..s^pw.!?... that cycling can help patients overcome their illnesses. 2 The rabbit just in my garden one day last week. 3 With this promotion, I feel that I a turning point in my career. 4 Oh, no! My car ! 5 Quite early in the negotiations, they to lower the prices. 6 In 1788 he his last great work in Vienna. 7 There's not much more to do, now that we the main problem. 8 Throughout the summer of 1980 Malcolm to divide his time between London and New York. 9 When he was 13, his parents to the United States. 3.2 Suggest a verb that can complete both sentences in each pair. Use either the present perfect or the past simple. Use L to add any words outside the space. (В, Е &F) 1 a The price of houses dramatically in recent years. b Unemployment every year until 1985 and then started to fall. 2 a At his wedding he a green suit and red tie. b These are the glasses I ever since I was 30. 3 a The company many setbacks in its 50-year history, but it is now flourishing. b Few of the trees in our village the storms during the winter of 1991. 4 a This his home for over 20 years and he doesn't want to leave it. b When I picked up the coffee I surprised to find it that it was cold. 5 a So far it's been so cold that we in the house all day. b We with Mike and Sue last weekend. 6 a I last you in Beijing three years ago. b I never anyone play so well in my whole life. 3.3 Find the following: (i) three sentences that are incorrect; (ii) three sentences with the present perfect which could also have the past simple (consider the difference in meaning); (Hi) three sentences where only the present perfect is correct. (A-G) 1 Jane has agreed to lend us her car. (II) 2 Do you know how many people have walked on the moon? 3 Phone for an ambulance. I think Keith's broken his arm. 4 In his twenties, Lawrence has spent many years travelling around Spain. 5 The Vikings have established a settlement at what is now York, in the north of England. 6 The house looks so much bigger now that we've painted the walls in brighter colours. 7 My brother has gone into town to buy some new shoes. 8 The Earth has been formed about 4,500 million years ago. 9 I've worked in Malaysia for three years
SeIL DEI EU G allu ja。DI!UG (did)(2) We use the present perfect when we talk about something that happened in a period of time up to the present. We use the past simple to talk about something that happened at a particular, finished time in the past. Compare Science has made many major advances this century. and Scientists made some fundamental discoveries in the 18th century He puts to good use things that other people have thrown away. and When we report that someone has recently invented, produced, discovered or written something we use the present perfect. When we talk about something that was invented, etc. in the more distant past we use the past simple. Compare Scientist have discovered that, all over the world, millions of frogs and toads are dying It is often said that Hernan Cortes'discovered' Mexico in 1519 Two schoolchildren have invented a device for moving large objects up flights of stairs Chinese craftsmen invented both paper and printing Sometimes it makes very little difference to the main sense of the sentence if we think of something happening in a period of time up to the present or at a particular, finished time in the past The research is now complete and the experiment was for has been)a success Does it concern you that you failed (or have failed) the test? Im sure I read for I have read) somewhere that he died in a plane crash We can use either the present perfect or the past simple to talk about repeated actions or events. If we use the present perfect, we often suggest that the action or event might happen again Sometimes we emphasise this with phrases such as so far and up to now(see Unit 5). If we use the 9. Timson has made 13 films and I think her latest is the best. and Timson made 13 films before she was tragically killed in a car accident Lee has represented his country on many occasions, and hopes to go on to compete in the country on many occasions, but was forced to retire after an injury We can use both the present perfect and the past simple to talk about states. We use the present perfect to talk about a state that existed in the past and still exists now, and we use the past simple if the state no longer exists. Compare I have known him most of my working life. (I am still working)and I knew him when we were both worki Rome We have belonged to the tennis club since we moved here. (We still belong to it. )and We belonged to the tennis club in the village we used to live in In news reports, you will often read or hear events introduced with the present perfect, and then the past simple is used to give the details The film star Jm Cooper has died of T cancer Hewes 68 ad veda Texas NEws / Ateacher from Osb has become the firstwoman to aoss the antarctic alone. It The Us space shuttle Atlantis has retumed safely to earth. It landed tookher 42 days t make the n Forida this morning arossingwithher dog team. Pesertpefedtardpastsimple( 1)ad(3)=UNITs 3, 5 PatoonnuasadpastsimpeuNI6
L jJdl ICUL ^1 lldV C UUIIG J dll U \Jubl ( I did ) (2 ) We use the present perfect when we talk about something that happened in a period of time up to the present. We use the past simple to talk about something that happened at a particular, finished time in the past. Compare: • Science has made many major advances this century, and • Scientists made some fundamental discoveries in the 18th century. • He puts to good use things that other people have thrown away, and • I threw away most of my old books when I moved house. When we report that someone has recently invented, produced, discovered or written something we use the present perfect. When we talk about something that was invented, etc. in the more distant past we use the past simple. Compare: • Scientist have discovered that, all over the world, millions of frogs and toads are dying. • It is often said that Hernan Cortes 'discovered' Mexico in 1519. • Two schoolchildren have invented a device for moving large objects up flights of stairs. • Chinese craftsmen invented both paper and printing. Sometimes it makes very little difference to the main sense of the sentence if we think of something happening in a period of time up to the present or at a particular, finished time in the past: • The research is now complete and the experiment was {or has been) a success. • Does it concern you that you failed {or have failed) the test? • I'm sure I read {or I have read) somewhere that he died in a plane crash. We can use either the present perfect or the past simple to talk about repeated actions or events. If we use the present perfect, we often suggest that the action or event might happen again. Sometimes we emphasise this with phrases such as so far and up to now (see Unit 5). If we use the past simple, it suggests that it is finished and won't happen again. Compare: • Timson has made 13 films and I think her latest is the best, and • Timson made 13 films before she was tragically killed in a car accident. • Lee has represented his country on many occasions, and hopes to go on to compete in the next Olympics, and • Lee represented his country on many occasions, but was forced to retire after an injury. We can use both the present perfect and the past simple to talk about states. We use the present perfect to talk about a state that existed in the past and still exists now, and we use the past simple if the state no longer exists. Compare: • I have known him most of my working life. (I am still working) and • I knew him when we were both working in Rome. • We have belonged to the tennis club since we moved here. (We still belong to it.) and • We belonged to the tennis club in the village we used to live in. In news reports, you will often read or hear events introduced with the present perfect, and then the past simple is used to give the details: The film star Jim Cooper has died of cancer. He was 68 and lived in Texas...' '• 'The US space shuttle Atlantis has returned safely to earth. It landed in Florida this morning...' Present perfect and past simple (1) and (3) Past continuous and past simple 'A teacher from Oslo has N become the first woman to cross the Antarctic alone. It took her 42 days to make the crossing with her dog team..."/
UNIT EXERCISES 4 41 Complete these sentences with the verb given. Choose the presentperfectorpast simple (A) I According to yesterday s newspapers, astronomers in Australia a planet in a galaxy close to our own(discover) 2 To help today s customers make a choice a company in New York a video trolley a supermarket trolley with a video screen to display advertisements and price information 3 At the start of his career Cousteau the aqualung, opening the oceans to explorers, scientists, and leisure divers (invent) 4 He proudly told reporters that the company. software to prevent the recent increase in computer crime. (produce) 5 John grig the comet now called Grigg-Skjellerup, at the beginning of the 20th century( discover) 42 Complete the sentences with appropriate verbs. Use the same verb foreach sentence in the pair. Use eitherthe presentperfectorthe past simple. (B&C) i aa lot of people about the painting, and i always say it's not for sale b The police me several questions about my car before they let me go. 2 a until she retired last month. she in the customer complaints department b Sullivan hard to change the rules and says that the campaign will go on. skiing ever since i lived in switzerland b the support of the majority of the Democratic Party father so many complaints about the noise that he told Chris to sell his b We over 50 letters of support in the last 10 day 5 a The bibl more copies than any other book. b when it became clear that we would be moving to Austria, we he house to my brother b At firstI moving to London from the day I arrived. I'd love to go back to Rome. inviting them to stay, but we soon became great friends. 4.3 Here are some parts ofa newspaperarticle. Study the underlined verbs. Correct them ifnecessary, CYCLE ROUTE SUCCESS IN BIRMINGHAM New cycle routes (1)have been built in and cyclists Jane Wills, a keen cyclist who works around the centre of Birmingham and speed limits in the city centre, told us: When the new routes (2)have been reduced on selected roads. The (9)have been introduced, I(10)have sold scheme()was now in operation for a year and carandl (ll)bought a bike. I (12)cycled to work (4)has been hailed as a great success. Since the eversince It's the best thing the council 1 3)did new speed limits(5)were introduced, the number for cyclists and pedestrians in the time I'vebeen of accidents in the area(6)fell dramatically.It living in Birmingham..The success of the () has taken only six months to draw up the scheme(14)has led to proposals for similar plans and mark the routes. This(8)hasbeen done schemes in other cities in consultation with groups representing city
EXERCISES 4_j Complete these sentences with the verb given. Choose the present perfect or past simple. (A) 1 According to yesterday's newspapers, astronomers in Australia a planet in a galaxy close to our own. (discover) 2 To help today's customers make a choice, a company in New York a video trolley - a supermarket trolley with a video screen to display advertisements and price information, (develop) 3 At the start of his career, Cousteau the aqualung, opening the oceans to explorers, scientists, and leisure divers, (invent) 4 He proudly told reporters that the company software to prevent the recent increase in computer crime, (produce) 5 John Grigg the comet now called Grigg-Skjellerup, at the beginning of the 20th century, (discover) ^ 2 Complete the sentences with appropriate verbs. Use the same verb for each sentence in the pair. Use either the present perfect or the past simple. (B & C) 1 a A lot of people about the painting, and I always say it's not for sale. b The police me several questions about my car before they let me go. 2 a Until she retired last month, she in the customer complaints department. b Sullivan hard to change the rules and says that the campaign will go on. 3 a I skiing ever since I lived in Switzerland. b She once the support of the majority of the Democratic Party. 4 a His father so many complaints about the noise that he told Chris to sell his drums, b We over 50 letters of support in the last 10 days. 5 a The Bible more copies than any other book. b When it became clear that we would be moving to Austria, we the house to my brother. 6 a I moving to London from the day I arrived. I'd love to go back to Rome. b At first I inviting them to stay, but we soon became great friends. 4_j Here are some parts of a newspaper article. Study the underlined verbs. Correct them if necessary, or put a S. (A-C) CYCL E ROUT E SUCCES S I N BIRMINGHA M New cycle routes (1) have been built in and around the centre of Birmingham and speed limits (2) have been reduced on selected roads...The scheme (3) was now in operation for a year and (4) has been hailed as a great success. Since the new speed limits (5) were introduced, the number of accidents in the area (6) fell dramatically...It (7) has taken only six months to draw up the plans and mark the routes. This (8) has been done in consultation with groups representing city cyclists..Jane Wills, a keen cyclist who works in the city centre, told us: 'When the new routes (9) have been introduced, I (10) have sold my car and I (11) bought a bike. I (12) cycled to work ever since. It's the best thing the council (13) did for cyclists and pedestrians in the time Г ve been living in Birmingham.'...The success of the scheme (14) has led to proposals for similar schemes in other cities
UNIT elec SIple 5 (i did)(3): adverbs used with these tenses Some time adverbs that connect the past to the present are often used with the present perfect Don' t disturb Amy. She's just gone tosleep. (not . she just went to sleep. Have you seen Robert lately/(not Did you see.) Other time adverbs like this include already, since (last week), so far, still, up to now, yet. When we use time adverbs that talk about finished periods of time we use the past simple rather than the present perfect: g Marie died, at the age of 86, in 1964.(not Marie has died.) Other time adverbs like this include(a month) ago, at (3 oclock), last(week, month),on (Monday), once(= at some time in the past), then, yesterday. We often use before, for, and recently with the present perfect and also the past simple For example with present perfect with past simple e We've had the dishwasher for three years We had the car for six years ( we have still got it) ( we no lor A new school has recently opened in New road I saw Dave recently. Time adverbs that refer to the present, such as today, this morning/ week /month, can also be used with either the present perfect or past simple. If we see today etc. as a past, completed period of time, then we use the past simple; if we see today, etc. as a period including the present moment then we use the present perfect. Compare: I didnt shave today(= the usual time has passed; suggests I will not shave today)and I havent shaved today. (= today is not finished; I may shave later or may not I wrote three letters this morning.(= the morning is over)and Ive written three letters this morning. ( it is still morning) We use since to talk about a period that started at some point in the past and continues until the present time. This is why we often use since with the present perfect Since 1990 I have lived in a small house near the coast Tom has been ill since christmas past simple, and the main clause to contain a present perfer s for the since-clause to contain a n a sentence which includes a since-clause the usual pattern Since Mr Hassan became president, both taxes and unemployment have increased I haven't been able to play tennis since I broke my arm. However, we can use a present perfect in the since-clause if the two situations described in the main and since -clause extend until the present: Since Ive lived here, I havent seen my neighbou We use the present perfect with ever and never to emphasise that we are talking about the whol of a period of time up until the present It's one of the most magnificent views I have ever seen.(= in my whole life) Ive never had any problems with my car.(=at any time since I bought it) 2 We use the past simple with ever and never to talk about a completed period in the past When he was young, he never bothered too much about his appearance Pesetparectadpestsmpe(1)ad(2)=UNITS 3, 4 Pastoantnuousadpastsimpe= UNIT 6 Snes→wr96
p e l ICU L [i nav e uunc ; an u pas t di m ( I did ) (3) : adverb s use d wit h thes e tense s Some time adverbs that connect the past to the present are often used with the present perfect: • Don't disturb Amy. She's just gone to sleep, (not ...she just went to sleep.) • Have you seen Robert lately} (not Did you see...) Other time adverbs like this include already, since (last week), so far, still, up to now, yet. When we use time adverbs that talk about finished periods of time we use the past simple rather than the present perfect: • Marie died, at the age of 86, in 1964. (not Marie has died...) Other time adverbs like this include (a month) ago, at (3 o'clock), last (week, month), on (Monday), once (= at some time in the past), then, yesterday. We often use before, for, and recently with the present perfect and also the past simple. For example: ...with present perfect • Nothing like this has happened before. • We've had the dishwasher for three years. (= we have still got it) • A new school has recently opened in New Road. ...with past simple • Why didn't you ask me before} • We had the car for six years. (= we no longer have it) • I saw Dave recently. Time adverbs that refer to the present, such as today, this morning/week/month, can also be used with either the present perfect or past simple. If we see today etc. as a past, completed period of time, then we use the past simple; if we see today, etc. as a period including the present moment, then we use the present perfect. Compare: • I didn't shave today (= the usual time has passed; suggests I will not shave today) and • I haven't shaved today. (= today is not finished; I may shave later or may not) • I wrote three letters this morning. (= the morning is over) and • I've written three letters this morning. (= it is still morning) We use since to talk about a period that started at some point in the past and continues until the present time. This is why we often use since with the present perfect: • Since 1990 I have lived in a small house near the coast. • Tom has been ill since Christmas. In a sentence which includes a smce-clause, the usual pattern is for the smce-clause to contain a past simple, and the main clause to contain a present perfect: • Since Mr Hassan became president, both taxes and unemployment have increased. • I haven't been able to play tennis since I broke my arm. However, we can use a present perfect in the swce-clause if the two situations described in the main and s/nce-clause extend until the present: • Since I've lived here, I haven't seen my neighbours. We use the present perfect with ever and never to emphasise that we are talking about the whole of a period of time up until the present: • It's one of the most magnificent views I have ever seen. (= in my whole life) • I've never had any problems with my car. (= at any time since I bought it) We use the past simple with ever and never to talk about a completed period in the past: • When he was young, he never bothered too much about his appearance. Present perfect and past simple (1) and (2): Since: reasons => |ШШЛ Past continuous and past simple =
UNT EXERCISES 5 5.1 Put a or correct the sentences.(A) I Terry drove to Glasgow last week to visit his father. 2 I have known a woman once who had sixteen cats 3 Ann Baker already did four radio interviews about her new book. 4 Julia felt hungry. Then she has remembered the salad in the fridge 5 I'll introduce you to Dr Davies- or have you met her before? 6 Weve had enormous problems recently with ants in the kitchen. We just cant get rid of them. 7 I have talked to her yesterday about doing the work. 10 We lived in Newcastle for three years now and like it a lot. 5.2 Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb. Use either the present perfect or past simple. (B&c) 1 Maria hasnt wanted to drive since she her car 2L. really hard this morning. Another two shelves to put up and then I think I'll have lunch 3 Since the eruption all the villages on the slopes of the volcano have been evacuated 4 So far this week there three burglaries in our street. a committee meeting since 1986, so I dont want to miss the one today. 6 It was so hot today that I shorts and a t-shirt at work 7 A great deal since I last spoke to you. 8 We f200 on food this month already. 9 Since he the girl from the frozen pond. he has been on TV and in the newspapers almost every day. 5.3 Choose one of these verbs and write Have you ever. or Did you ever. at the beginning of these learn meet talk think I Have you ever been. inacave? durian(=afruit) when you lived in Malaysia? what it must be like to be a cat? 45678 to play a musical instrument as a child? to Michael when you worked in the same company? a song called 'Close to the Edge"? a pet when you were young?
UNIT EXERCISES 5 5.1 Put а У or correct the sentences. (A) 1 Terry drove to Glasgow last week to visit his father. 2 I have known a woman once who had sixteen cats. 3 Ann Baker already did four radio interviews about her new book. 4 Julia felt hungry. Then she has remembered the salad in the fridge. 5 I'll introduce you to Dr Davies - or have you met her before? 6 We've had enormous problems recently with ants in the kitchen. We just can't get rid of them. 7 I have talked to her yesterday about doing the work. 8 They still live in the small house they have bought 30 years ago. 9 You have not yet explained clearly what you want me to do. 10 We lived in Newcastle for three years now and like it a lot. 5.2 Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb. Use either the present perfect or past simple. (B&C) 1 Maria hasn't wanted to drive since she her car. 2 I really hard this morning. Another two shelves to put up and then I think I'll have lunch. 3 Since the eruption , all the villages on the slopes of the volcano have been evacuated. 4 So far this week there three burglaries in our street. 5 I a committee meeting since 1986, so I don't want to miss the one today. 6 It was so hot today that I shorts and a T-shirt at work. 7 A great deal since I last spoke to you. 8 We £200 on food this month already. 9 Since he the girl from the frozen pond, he has been on TV and in the newspapers almost every day. 5.3 Choose one of these verbs and write Have you ever... or Did you ever... at the beginning of these questions. (D) be eat have hear learn meet talk think 1 .Жуе-..HOw...ever...been.. i n a cave? 2 durian (= a fruit) when you lived in Malaysia? Malaysia — *fc^ S~7t-T-\——_ durian 3 somebody really famous? 4 what it must be like to be a cat? 5 to play a musical instrument as a child? 6 to Michael when you worked in the same company? 7 a song called 'Close to the Edge'? 8 a pet when you were young? 11