Progress in Solid state Chemistry Pergamon Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30(2002)1-101 www.elsevier.nl/locate/pssc Future directions in solid state chemistry: report of the NSF-sponsored workshop Robert Cava a, * Francis J. DiSalvo b Louis e. brus Kim R. Dunbar d, Christopher B. Gorman, Sossina M. Haile f Leonard V Interrante g Janice. Musfeldt Alexandra Navrotsky Ralph G Nuzzo Warren E. Pickett Angus p. wilkinson Channing Ahn m James w. allen Peter C. Burns. Gerdrand Ceder P. Christopher E.D. chidsey William Clegg eugenio Coronado, Hongjie dai Michael W. Deem u. Bruce S Dunn Giulia galli Allan J. Jacobson x Mercouri Kanatzidis y. Wenbin Lin Arumugam Manthiram aa. Milan Mrksich bb. David J. Norris Arthur J Nozik dd, Xiaogang Peng ee, Claudia rawn, Debra rolison gg, David J. Singh hh, Brian H. Toby Sarah Tolbert J. Ulrich B. Wiesner kk. Patrick M. Woodward Peidong Yang Corresponding author. Tel. +1-609-258-0016: fax: +1-609-258-6746 E-mail addresses: rava@princeton.edu(RJ. Cava); fjd @cornell. edu(FJ. DiSalvo): brus a chem. columbia.edu(L. Brus); dunbar(@mail. chem. tamu.edu(K R. Dunbar ) chris-gorman(@ncsu.edu(C. Gorman); smaile@caltech. edu(S.M. Haile); interl@rpi. edu (L.v. Interrante); musfeldt(@utk.edu (J Musfeldt); anavrotsky(@ucdavis. edu(A. Navrotsky) r-nuzzoQuiuc edu(R. Nuzzo) pickett(@ phys- ics ucdavis.edu (W.E. Pickett); angus. wilkinson @ chemistry gatech. edu(A P. Wilkinson); cca@cal tech.edu(C. Ahn); wallen(@umich.edu(J.W. Allen); burns @nd. edu(P C. Burns) gceder(@ mit. edu(G Ceder); chidsey @stanford. edu( C. Chidsey wclegg @ncl. ac uk(W. Clegg); eugenio. coronado @uves(E Coronado ); hail@stanford. edu(H. Dai); mwdeem(@ucla.edu(M W. Deem); bdunn@ ucla.edu(B.S. Dunn); galli@llnl. gov (G. Galli); ajjacob @uh. edu (AJ. Jacobson); kanatzid@cem. msu.edu (M Kanatzidis); wlin(@unc. edu(W. Lin); rmanth mail utexas. edu(A. Manthiram ); rmrksich midway uch icago.edu(M.Mrksich);norris(@research.nj.nec.com(D.Norris);anozik@nrel.nrelgov(A.Nozik); xpeng @uark. edu(X. Peng); rawncj@ornl. gov (C. Rawn); rolison@nrl. navy. mil(D. Rolison); singha dave nrL navy. mil(D. Singh): brian. toby @nist. gov (B. Toby ); tolbert(@chem. ucla. edu(S. Tolbert); ubwl @cornell. edu (U B. Wiesner); woodward@chemistry. ohio-state. edu (P yang @cchem. berkeley. edu(. Yang) atter 2002 Published by elsevier Science Ltd
Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30 (2002) 1–101 www.elsevier.nl/locate/pssc Future directions in solid state chemistry: report of the NSF-sponsored workshop Robert J. Cava a,∗, Francis J. DiSalvo b , Louis E. Brus c , Kim R. Dunbar d , Christopher B. Gorman e , Sossina M. Haile f , Leonard V. Interrante g , Janice L. Musfeldt h , Alexandra Navrotsky i , Ralph G. Nuzzo j , Warren E. Pickett k , Angus P. Wilkinson l , Channing Ahn m, James W. Allen n , Peter C. Burns o , Gerdrand Ceder p , Christopher E.D. Chidsey q , William Clegg r , Eugenio Coronado s , Hongjie Dai t , Michael W. Deem u , Bruce S. Dunn v , Giulia Galli w, Allan J. Jacobson x , Mercouri Kanatzidis y , Wenbin Lin z , Arumugam Manthiram aa, Milan Mrksich bb, David J. Norris cc, Arthur J. Nozik dd, Xiaogang Peng ee, Claudia Rawn ff, Debra Rolison gg, David J. Singh hh, Brian H. Toby ii , Sarah Tolbert jj, Ulrich B. Wiesner kk, Patrick M. Woodward ll , Peidong Yang mm ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-609-258-0016; fax: +1-609-258-6746. E-mail addresses: rcava@princeton.edu (R.J. Cava); fjd3@cornell.edu (F.J. DiSalvo); brus@- chem.columbia.edu (L. Brus); dunbar@mail.chem.tamu.edu (K.R. Dunbar); chrisFgorman@ncsu.edu (C. Gorman); smhaile@caltech.edu (S.M. Haile); interl@rpi.edu (L.V. Interrante); musfeldt@utk.edu (J. Musfeldt); anavrotsky@ucdavis.edu (A. Navrotsky); r-nuzzo@uiuc.edu (R. Nuzzo); pickett@physics.ucdavis.edu (W.E. Pickett); angus.wilkinson@chemistry.gatech.edu (A.P. Wilkinson); cca@caltech.edu (C. Ahn); jwallen@umich.edu (J.W. Allen); pburns@nd.edu (P.C. Burns); gceder@mit.edu (G. Ceder); chidsey@stanford.edu (C. Chidsey); w.clegg@ncl.ac.uk (W. Clegg); eugenio.coronado@uv.es (E. Coronado); hdai1@stanford.edu (H. Dai); mwdeem@ucla.edu (M.W. Deem); bdunn@ucla.edu (B.S. Dunn); galli@llnl.gov (G. Galli); ajjacob@uh.edu (A.J. Jacobson); kanatzid@cem.msu.edu (M. Kanatzidis); wlin@unc.edu (W. Lin); rmanth@mail.utexas.edu (A. Manthiram); rmrksich@midway.uchicago.edu (M. Mrksich); dnorris@research.nj.nec.com (D. Norris); anozik@nrel.nrel.gov (A. Nozik); xpeng@uark.edu (X. Peng); rawncj@ornl.gov (C. Rawn); rolison@nrl.navy.mil (D. Rolison); singh@- dave.nrl.navy.mil (D. Singh); brian.toby@nist.gov (B. Toby); tolbert@chem.ucla.edu (S. Tolbert); ubw1@cornell.edu (U.B. Wiesner); woodward@chemistry.ohio-state.edu (P. Woodward); pyang@cchem.berkeley.edu (P. Yang). 0079-6786/03/$ - see front matter 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. doi:10.1016/S0079-6786(02)00010-9
R. Cava et al. /Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30(2002)1-101 Princeton Universitv. Princeton, NJ08544. USA Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA Chemistry Dep Columbia University, New York, Nr 10027, USA 0012. Texas a&M ollege Station, TX 77842-3012, Department of Chemistry, Box 8204, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Department of Materials Science, 138-78, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard Pasadena CA 91001. USA Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Thermochemistry Facility, 4440 Chemistry Annex, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8779, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 600 South Mathews Avem Urbana IL 61801. USA k Physics Department, University of california, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA i School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400 Department of Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 Californ BoulevardPasadena. CA 91001. US.A Department of Physics, 2477 Randall Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. 1120. US/ Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,USA P MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Rm. 13-5056, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UK Instituto Ciencia Molecular, Universidad Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot, spain I Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Chemical Engineering Department, 5531 Boelter Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1595, USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Stop L-415, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550.USA Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5641 y Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Chemistry Department, CB#3290 Venable Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290 a Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ETC 9-104, University of Texas at Austin, Austin. TX 78712-1084. USA bb Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60036, USA NEC Research Institute, 4 independence Way, Princeton, N 08540, USA dd National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA I Bldg. 4515, MS 6064, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA gg Surface Chemistry, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA hh Code 6391, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, US. I NCNR, NIST, M/S 8562, Gaithersburg. MD 20899-8562, USA J Department of Chemistry Biochemistry, Campus Box 951569, University of california, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA kk Department of materials Science and Engineering, 329 Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1501,US
2 R.J. Cava et al. / Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30 (2002) 1–101 a Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA b Department of Chemistry, 102 Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA c Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA d Department of Chemistry, PO Box 30012, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA e Department of Chemistry, Box 8204, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA f Department of Materials Science, 138-78, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91001, USA g Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA h Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA i Thermochemistry Facility, 4440 Chemistry Annex, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8779, USA j Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA k Physics Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA l School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA m Department of Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California BoulevardPasadena, CA 91001, USA n Department of Physics, 2477 Randall Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109- 1120, USA o Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA p MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Rm. 13-5056, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA q Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA r Department of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK s Instituto Ciencia Molecular, Universidad Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot, Spain t Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA u Chemical Engineering Department, 5531 Boelter Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA v Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1595, USA w Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Stop L-415, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA x Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5641, USA y Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA z Chemistry Department, CB#3290 Venable Hall, UNC - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA aa Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ETC 9-104, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1084, USA bb Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60036, USA cc NEC Research Institute, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA dd National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401, USA ee Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA ff Bldg. 4515, MS 6064, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA gg Surface Chemistry, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA hh Code 6391, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA ii NCNR, NIST, M/S 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA jj Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Campus Box 951569, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA kk Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 329 Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1501, USA
R. Cava et al. /Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30(2002)1-101 i Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avemue, Columbus, OH 43210-1185 Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Organizing Committee: Robert Cava and Frank DiSalvo(co-chairs), Louis Brus, Kim Dunbar Christopher Gorman, Sossina Haile, Leonard Interrante, Janice Musfeldt, Alexandra Navrotsky, Ralph Nuzzo, Warren Pickett, Angela Stacy, and Angus Wilkinson. Report prepared at the Princeton materials Institute, Princeton University, by R.J. Cava and M. P. Andal. This report is available in po format through a website maintained by Professor Susan Kauzlarich at U C. Davis for the Solid State chemistrycommunityThewebaddressiswww.chem.ucdavis.edu/groups/kauzlarich/link.html abstract A long-established area of scientific excellence in Europe, solid state chemistry has emerged in the US in the past two decades as a field experiencing rapid growth and development. At its core, it is an interdisciplinary melding of chemistry, physics, engineering, and materials cience,as it focuses on the design, synthesis and structural characterization of new chemical compounds and characterization of their physical properties. As a consequence of this inherently interdisciplinary character, the solid state chemistry community is highly open to the influx of new ideas and directions. The inclusionary character of the field's culture has been a significant factor in its continuing growth and vitality This report presents an elaboration of discussions held during an NSF-sponsored workshop on Future Directions in Solid State Chemistry, held on the UC Davis Campus in October 2001. That workshop was the second of a series of workshops planned in this topical area The first, held at NSF headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, in January of 1998, was designed to address the core of the field, describing how it has developed in the US and worldwide in the past decade, and how the members of the community saw the central thrusts of research and education in solid state chemistry proceeding in the next several years. A report was published on that workshop (J M. Honig, chair, "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Present Status and Future Developments of Solid State Chemistry and Materials", Arlington, VA, January 15-16, 1998)describing the state of the field and recommendations for future develop- nent of the core discipline. In the spirit of continuing to expand the scope of the solid state chemistry community into new areas of scientific inquiry, the workshop elaborated in this document was designed to address the interfaces between our field and fields where we thought there would be significant opportunity for the development of new scientific advancements through increased interaction The 7 topic areas, described in detail in this report, ranged from those with established ties to solid state chemistry such as Earth and planetary sciences, and energy storage and conver- sion, to those such as condensed matter physics, where the connections are in their infancy, to biology, where the opportunities for connections are largely unexplored. Exciting ties to materials chemistry were explored in discussions on molecular materials and nanoscale cience,and a session on the importance of improving the ties between solid state chemists and experts in characterization at national experimental facilities was included. The full report elaborates these ideas extensively c 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
R.J. Cava et al. / Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30 (2002) 1–101 3 ll Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1185, USA mm Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Organizing Committee: Robert Cava and Frank DiSalvo (co-chairs), Louis Brus, Kim Dunbar, Christopher Gorman, Sossina Haile, Leonard Interrante, Janice Musfeldt, Alexandra Navrotsky, Ralph Nuzzo, Warren Pickett, Angela Stacy, and Angus Wilkinson. Report prepared at the Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, by R.J. Cava and M.P. Andal. This report is available in .pdf format through a website maintained by Professor Susan Kauzlarich at U.C. Davis for the Solid State chemistry community. The web address is: www.chem.ucdavis.edu/groups/kauzlarich/link.html Abstract A long-established area of scientific excellence in Europe, solid state chemistry has emerged in the US in the past two decades as a field experiencing rapid growth and development. At its core, it is an interdisciplinary melding of chemistry, physics, engineering, and materials science, as it focuses on the design, synthesis and structural characterization of new chemical compounds and characterization of their physical properties. As a consequence of this inherently interdisciplinary character, the solid state chemistry community is highly open to the influx of new ideas and directions. The inclusionary character of the field’s culture has been a significant factor in its continuing growth and vitality. This report presents an elaboration of discussions held during an NSF-sponsored workshop on Future Directions in Solid State Chemistry, held on the UC Davis Campus in October 2001. That workshop was the second of a series of workshops planned in this topical area. The first, held at NSF headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, in January of 1998, was designed to address the core of the field, describing how it has developed in the US and worldwide in the past decade, and how the members of the community saw the central thrusts of research and education in solid state chemistry proceeding in the next several years. A report was published on that workshop (J.M. Honig, chair, “Proceedings of the Workshop on the Present Status and Future Developments of Solid State Chemistry and Materials”, Arlington, VA, January 15–16, 1998) describing the state of the field and recommendations for future development of the core discipline. In the spirit of continuing to expand the scope of the solid state chemistry community into new areas of scientific inquiry, the workshop elaborated in this document was designed to address the interfaces between our field and fields where we thought there would be significant opportunity for the development of new scientific advancements through increased interaction. The 7 topic areas, described in detail in this report, ranged from those with established ties to solid state chemistry such as Earth and planetary sciences, and energy storage and conversion, to those such as condensed matter physics, where the connections are in their infancy, to biology, where the opportunities for connections are largely unexplored. Exciting ties to materials chemistry were explored in discussions on molecular materials and nanoscale science, and a session on the importance of improving the ties between solid state chemists and experts in characterization at national experimental facilities was included. The full report elaborates these ideas extensively. 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
R. Cava et al. /Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30(2002)1-101 I. Introductory overview l.I. The workshop The second NSF-sponsored workshop on Future Directions in Solid State Chemis try was held at UC Davis, from Friday October 12 through Sunday October 14, 2001 The workshop was attended by approximately 50 scientists, with many different areas of expertise, including the core of solid state chemistry, and areas in related specialt ies. The participants took part in the workshop out of a desire to help build better bridges and more multidisciplinary collaboration among solid state chemists and scientists in other disciplines. Approximately 20 talks were presented, and there was considerable time for both general discussion and time for discussion in special topic groups The goal of the workshop was to articulate the solid state chemistry communitys sense of the opportunities and directions it wishes to take in the future. In our first workshop, held in January of 1998, we focused on the core of our discipline. This second workshop focused on the interfaces of solid state chemistry with other disci- plines, in both the biological and physical sciences One important aspect of the workshop was to elaborate on how we have previously worked at such interfaces, and how we might better exploit them in the future. Di ussed were the many ways of interacting across traditional disciplinary boundaries and in particular the opportunities for forming multidisciplinary collaborations of different types There were many potential areas on which to focus a workshop such as this because solid state chemistry interfaces with many different areas of science. After an initial meeting of the organizing committee, it was decided to focus the workshop on the interfaces between solid state chemistry and: nanoscale science, biology theory and condensed matter physics, molecular and macromolecular materials Earth, planetary, and environmental science, energy storage and conversion, and national facilities. In all these discussions the central role of education was discussed For each of these topics, a brief general summary is given below 1.2. Earth, planetary and evironmental science The Earths surface is part of a complex planet whose history over geologic time and whose ability to maintain habitat for life is governed by physical and chemical processes involving the solid state in minerals, soils, and rocks. The understanding of relatively short-term surface processes, on time scales of years to centuries, is needed to sensibly approach problems of resource management, pollution, and cli- mate change. The understanding of processes occurring at pressures into the megabar range, temperatures of several thousand degrees, and times of millions of years, is ecessary to understand the evolution of the Earth and other planets. The solid state chemistry community can both contribute to and benefit from active research in the mineral physics, geochemistry, and environmental science communities. Examples of important areas discussed in this session include the reactivity of mineral surfaces
4 R.J. Cava et al. / Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30 (2002) 1–101 1. Introductory overview 1.1. The workshop The second NSF-sponsored workshop on Future Directions in Solid State Chemistry was held at UC Davis, from Friday October 12 through Sunday October 14, 2001. The workshop was attended by approximately 50 scientists, with many different areas of expertise, including the core of solid state chemistry, and areas in related specialties. The participants took part in the workshop out of a desire to help build better bridges and more multidisciplinary collaboration among solid state chemists and scientists in other disciplines. Approximately 20 talks were presented, and there was considerable time for both general discussion and time for discussion in special topic groups. The goal of the workshop was to articulate the solid state chemistry community’s sense of the opportunities and directions it wishes to take in the future. In our first workshop, held in January of 1998, we focused on the core of our discipline. This second workshop focused on the interfaces of solid state chemistry with other disciplines, in both the biological and physical sciences. One important aspect of the workshop was to elaborate on how we have previously worked at such interfaces, and how we might better exploit them in the future. Discussed were the many ways of interacting across traditional disciplinary boundaries, and in particular the opportunities for forming multidisciplinary collaborations of different types. There were many potential areas on which to focus a workshop such as this, because solid state chemistry interfaces with many different areas of science. After an initial meeting of the organizing committee, it was decided to focus the workshop on the interfaces between solid state chemistry and: nanoscale science, biology, theory and condensed matter physics, molecular and macromolecular materials, Earth, planetary, and environmental science, energy storage and conversion, and national facilities. In all these discussions the central role of education was discussed. For each of these topics, a brief general summary is given below. 1.2. Earth, planetary and environmental science The Earth’s surface is part of a complex planet whose history over geologic time and whose ability to maintain habitat for life is governed by physical and chemical processes involving the solid state in minerals, soils, and rocks. The understanding of relatively short-term surface processes, on time scales of years to centuries, is needed to sensibly approach problems of resource management, pollution, and climate change. The understanding of processes occurring at pressures into the megabar range, temperatures of several thousand degrees, and times of millions of years, is necessary to understand the evolution of the Earth and other planets. The solid state chemistry community can both contribute to and benefit from active research in the mineral physics, geochemistry, and environmental science communities. Examples of important areas discussed in this session include the reactivity of mineral surfaces
R. Cava et al. /Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30(2002)1-101 high pressure phase transitions, solid state approaches to nuclear waste disposal and CO2 sequestration, and nanoparticles in the environment. Many materials(for example zeolites, spinels, perovskites, clays) are of interest to both Earth science and materials science, and provide suitable ground for mutual interest and interdisci- plinary collaboration Earth scientists have many areas of commonality with solid state chemists. Earth scientists are concerned with complex and diverse chemical systems, and thermodyn amic stability and chemical compatibility over both long and short time scales, and length scales ranging from the atomic, through the nanoscale, to the geological. One particular area of interaction with solid state chemistry can be in the area of miner- alogy, where the complexities of mineral crystal structures are unequalled. Such complex mineral structures are not often considered by solid state chemists in their search for functional materials. Solid state chemists and geologists share many com- mon tools, and also often think about the same chemical compounds though from different points of view. Of particular interest to both areas of expertise is compound formation in high pressure, high temperature water or other solvents. This has only recently begun to be extensively exploited in solid state chemistry. The concepts of nanoscale science, of such recent interest to solid state chemists, are presently also of great interest in Earth and environmental science and present a great opportunit for mutual interaction 1.3. Biology The study and exploitation of biological processes has not yet had substantial overlap with the field of solid state chemistry. However, given recent developments there is substantial reason to believe that this will be an area of tremendous future growth. The earliest manifestation of this research-bio-inorganic chemistry-sought to understand the function of metal clusters in enzymes and electron transfer proteins This field has matured considerably. However, it still begs more fundamental under- standing. More importantly, this body of work suggests new opportunities such as mimic of functions of cluster-containing proteins in, for example, energy transduction and catalysis In parallel, use of metallic surfaces to conjugate proteins and oligonu- cleotides has resulted in new opportunities for bio-assays, preparation of bio-inspired devices and fundamental studies of biomolecular function. It is obvious that conju- gation of biomolecules to a wider variety of surfaces can lead to new functions and new opportunities for hybrid devices. These could include solid-state semiconducting materials and the walls of zeolitic channels this work also extends to the interaction of materials with whole cells-control of their growth and proliferation can be effected using simple surfaces. Perhaps solid-state materials can further the efforts to couple electronic, electromagnetic and mechanical stimulations to cells and ulti mately to tissues. Exploration of these emerging issues was accomplished during the workshop. The overall goal was to appreciate new opportunities at this interface and to assess potential paths for interdisciplinary research in this area Increased interactions between biology and solid state chemistry, like between biology and other areas of physical science, are hampered by a lack of a common
R.J. Cava et al. / Progress in Solid State Chemistry 30 (2002) 1–101 5 high pressure phase transitions, solid state approaches to nuclear waste disposal and CO2 sequestration, and nanoparticles in the environment. Many materials (for example zeolites, spinels, perovskites, clays) are of interest to both Earth science and materials science, and provide suitable ground for mutual interest and interdisciplinary collaboration. Earth scientists have many areas of commonality with solid state chemists. Earth scientists are concerned with complex and diverse chemical systems, and thermodynamic stability and chemical compatibility over both long and short time scales, and length scales ranging from the atomic, through the nanoscale, to the geological. One particular area of interaction with solid state chemistry can be in the area of mineralogy, where the complexities of mineral crystal structures are unequalled. Such complex mineral structures are not often considered by solid state chemists in their search for functional materials. Solid state chemists and geologists share many common tools, and also often think about the same chemical compounds though from different points of view. Of particular interest to both areas of expertise is compound formation in high pressure, high temperature water or other solvents. This has only recently begun to be extensively exploited in solid state chemistry. The concepts of nanoscale science, of such recent interest to solid state chemists, are presently also of great interest in Earth and environmental science and present a great opportunity for mutual interaction. 1.3. Biology The study and exploitation of biological processes has not yet had substantial overlap with the field of solid state chemistry. However, given recent developments, there is substantial reason to believe that this will be an area of tremendous future growth. The earliest manifestation of this research—bio-inorganic chemistry—sought to understand the function of metal clusters in enzymes and electron transfer proteins. This field has matured considerably. However, it still begs more fundamental understanding. More importantly, this body of work suggests new opportunities such as mimic of functions of cluster-containing proteins in, for example, energy transduction and catalysis. In parallel, use of metallic surfaces to conjugate proteins and oligonucleotides has resulted in new opportunities for bio-assays, preparation of bio-inspired devices and fundamental studies of biomolecular function. It is obvious that conjugation of biomolecules to a wider variety of surfaces can lead to new functions and new opportunities for hybrid devices. These could include solid-state semiconducting materials and the walls of zeolitic channels. This work also extends to the interaction of materials with whole cells—control of their growth and proliferation can be effected using simple surfaces. Perhaps solid-state materials can further the efforts to couple electronic, electromagnetic and mechanical stimulations to cells and ultimately to tissues. Exploration of these emerging issues was accomplished during the workshop. The overall goal was to appreciate new opportunities at this interface and to assess potential paths for interdisciplinary research in this area. Increased interactions between biology and solid state chemistry, like between biology and other areas of physical science, are hampered by a lack of a common