Paraphrase the following sentences.Read the model carefully before the exercise Model From the very beginning.radiation has been shrouded in myths-of exaggerated expectations as well as excessive fear. Key:From the start,there has been a myth about radiation,which has generated overstated anticipation and extreme fear. 1 The answer betrays a lack of understanding that disintegration of a radioactive atom involves the creation of a new nucleus. 2 In the constructivist approach to learning,the learner's ideas and conceptions prior to instruction are seen as important prerequisites for learning. 3 The way out of this impasse may lie in taking the lay conceptions into account and increasing the integration between factual information and practical/political considerations. Summarize the main idea of the following paragraph closely related to the text in theme,using one sentence only.Read the model carefully before the exercise. Model One of the possible acute effects of exposure to high levels of radiation over a small period of time is Acute Radiation Syndrome(ARS)or radiation sickness.For an exposed individual to develop ars.the radiation must be penetrating and cover the whole bodyThe radiation oses that ed toARs hoveron e sievert(Sv)- about 300 times the average annual dose(three millisieverts)of background radiation ARS is associated with damage to the bone marrow,and at higher doses (>10 Sv) other organs may be affected.Other acute health problems that can result from high exposure to radiation include premature aging.male sterility,birth defects,and possible death. Key:Exposure to high doses of radiation can lead to a broad range of acute health problems such as the impairment of the organs. lodine-131,plutonium-239,caesium-137,and strontium-90 are the four most harmful radioactive the Japanese nue disaster half-if of eight days-meaning that it is half as radioactive after eight days,thus making its effects relatively short-lived.Exposure to iodine-131 can cause thyroid cancer.With half-lives of 30 16EAP1学术英语理工（第二
and 29 years,respectively,caesium-137 and strontium both stay in the environment for longer periods of time.Caesium-137can travel through the food chain n milkor vegetable and can increase the risk of various cancers:strontium-90 is absorbed into bones and teeth and can increase the risk of leukemia or bone cancer.Plutonium-239 is toxic if inhaled. 5Write a paragraph of about 120 words to summarize the main idea of the text. Enhancing language ability Read the words and phrase below,paying attention to the pronunciation.Use the scale to give yourself a score for each word or phrase. 1 I still don't understand this word or phrase after learning the text. 2 Now I understand this word or phrase when I see it or hear it,but I don't know how to use it. 3 I know this word or phrase and can use it in my own speaking and writing Academic Words and Phrase prevalent proportion prerequisite o derive expectation cteristic perception external indicative administer C accessible Oinitiate O assign maximum O minimal C overview presume perceive C assume O alternative Ostandpoint o rank O exemplify O gloomy Ointegration Opreconception C obiective O secure Oprior to Oattempt O rational O conception Replace the underlined words or phrases with the academic words or phrase in the above box.Change their forms where necessary. 1 The answer shows a commonly held belief of radiation Although the questionnaires were given to over 200 students,the poor sampling makes the survey invalid. UNIT1 Choosing a Topic 17
3 The fear could be illustrated by the public understanding of the accident of the Japanese 5 Children's knowledge before formal education has a big influence on their judgment. 6 A larger number of students try to speak good English,but the prospects for a marked mprovement seem sad. Their failure to act suggests that there is no other means at present. 8 The event is featured by violence which is considered a health danger to people. 9 According to the doctors,smoking is placed high among the leading preventable causes of death 10 Correct citation of outside sources is required as a condition for academic writing. Group the words and phrases in the box according to their similarity in meaning to the words in bold.Pay attention to the variety of expressions in writing. comprise credible weighty fundamental peril spotlight illuminate embrace threat accentuate incompatible various consist of rationalize explicate emphasize conflicting explain attach importance to spu represen give prominence to move justif的y essential accent evoke narrate inconsistent well-grounded underlying contradictory elucidate incongruous feature portray underline discrepant item rational induce ngredient inspire motivate element jeopardy characterize stimulate instigate stress account for depict sensible be composed of prime give priority to diverse prompt primary constituent outline encompass well-founded viable cogent plausible hazard menace convincing contributo contain contrary clear up underscore component powerful root 1 include 2 valid: 3 basic 4 danger 5 describe 6 different 7 cause: 8 clarify: 9 highlight 10 factor: 8EAP学术英语理工（第二版
Read the academic sentence patterns in the box below,paying attention to the parts in bold.Use the scale to give yourself a score for each sentence pattern. 1I still don't understand this sentence pattern. Ican memorize this sentence pattern,butIdon't know how to use it 3 I can now apply this sentence pattern to my writing. Academic Sentence Patterns .has been a part of our life and consciousness. radiation has been shrouded in myths-of exaggerated expectations. 3 Radiation has been characterised pa rtly as a life fo and fear The i the world around himhe 6 This principle also holds true in the field of radiation. The survey was administered in the form of a questionnaire given to 270 students. 8 .identify a few commonly held conceptions of radiation phenomena. 9 .the possible bias from non-respondents should not render the results irrelevant. 10 A prevalent tendency among the respondents was. 11 The difficulty is a serious obstacle to understanding the nature of radiation hazards and the appropriateness of countermeasures 12 The answer betrays a lack of understanding. 13 there was considerable confusion con rank high an 61718 constitute a th h azard to people ers significantly from the expert model. seemed to indicate that the press played a considerable role in forming non experts understanding. 19 How can the gap be bridged between.and.? 20 The lack of success.and.have been partly due to lack of consideration. 21 The findings from the present survey do not lend much support to such a hypothesis. 22 .a small,but significant difference was found between the two groups. 23 .the prospects for attaining the obiective.seem gloomy indeed. 24 .how can rational decisions and personal well-being then be secured? 25 The way out of this impasse may lie in taking the lay conceptions into account UNIT 1 Choosing a Topic 19
Critical thinking (asking questions) Cm and evaluating information gathered from,or generated by,observation,experience,reflection, make inferences about the author's attitude which might be hidden in the passage.Asking probing questions is the most effective way to get to know and follow the author's train of thought in academic reading.Read the objectives and corresponding questions you may ask. Objectives Questions What is the theme/main argument of.? ldentifying the Is the author trying to persuade the readers or merely providing information? author's motive Might the author have a hidden purpose or the purpose o What are the author's presumptions and bias? writing e autnor suppo one sia acontroversy or appear impartial? Does the authors attitude lie implicit in thee What is the author's stance and how do you work it out? What language (such as wording)is used? s the author being serious or playful,humorous or somber? s the author angry or tranquil,ironical or sincere? author's stance Does the author appeal to the readers'emotion (through the use of and tone emotion-arousing words,slogans,rhetorical questions and paralle merely apped and statistical ovider eal to the readersreasoning by using facts Whatpmrticaularovidenceandeanpledoestheauthorseecg is there sufficient evidence for an argument or a claim? Has any evidence been missed out if a reliable argument is to be formed? Finding evidence How is evidence (such as examples and statistics)used and interpreted? and checking Are the sources of information reliable? whether it is Does the author intentionally hide some facts or information which fails relevant and to support his /her arguments? reliable Are there any gaps or inconsistencies in the argument the argument be better or differently supported Hlow does the author reach his her conclusion? Do you agree with the outcomes? What is your opinion of.? Reaching your Do you agree with the position the author is presenting?Why or why prove/isprove nt fdifferent facts or methods are used What wou d happen if. Can you propose an alternative. 20 EAP学术英语理工（第二版