催化的应用 c10% of US gnp I M employees in US ·~10% of energy use 90% dependent on catalysis Energy-heavy processes dominated by heterogeneous catalysis
6 6 催化的应用
科学问题与挑战 catalyst design for energy transformations Need efficient catalysts (small losses Need stable catalysts Need catalysts made from Earth-abundant elements Products Surface Need design rules (understanding!)
7 7 科学问题与挑战
cO2的电化学还原 Methane formation 0.1 CO,+8(H+e)→CH4+2H2O 1E-3 1E-4 Zn Very negative potential needed 1E-5 Cu Methanol 0.8VⅴsRHE H Pt 0.1 Thermodynamically, +0. 17Vvs 001 rhe Should be sufficient 1E3 ots of room for improvement -16-14-1.2-1.008060402 EⅣ VS RHE Experiments Kuhl. Cave. Abram. Saha. Kibsgaard Jaramillo Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 7050(2012)
8 8 CO2的电化学还原
催化基础 Reaction energy △E=E product reactant ① E Rate constant ① k=ve-Ealkr AE All determined by energy Reaction coordinate of system
9 9 催化基础
Rate constant k Ea/keT Typical values V=1013s Kpt=0.025 eV at 300K 1. Which activation energy g gives k=1 s1at 300 K? △E 8 2. At which temperature will a process with E=2eV Reaction coordinate have k=1s1?
10 10