Quantitation Techniques Sample submission Microhemotcrit Hemoglobin concentration Cell counts Absolute nucleated rbc count Automated hematology cell counters
Quantitation Techniques • Sample submission • Microhemotcrit • Hemoglobin concentration • Cell counts • Absolute nucleated RBC count • Automated hematology cell counters
Blood Smear analysis Making the smear Stains Evaluating blood smears platelet morphology leukocyte morphology leukocyte estimation --leukocyte differential count erythrocyte morphology
Blood Smear Analysis • Making the smear • Stains • Evaluating blood smears --platelet morphology --leukocyte morphology --leukocyte estimation --leukocyte differential count --erythrocyte morphology
Bone marrow examination Bone marrow is usually examined to answer certain question that arose from evaluating the CBC Indications for bone marrow examination include: nonregenerative anemia Persistent neutropenia Persistent thrombocytopenia Unexplained polycythemia or thrombocytosis Atypical cells in blood
Bone Marrow Examination • Bone marrow is usually examined to answer certain question that arose from evaluating the CBC. • Indications for bone marrow examination include: --nonregenerative anemia --Persistent neutropenia --Persistent thrombocytopenia --Unexplained polycythemia or thrombocytosis --Atypical cells in blood
Erythrocytes Basic concepts of erythrocyte function, metabolism, production and breakdown Heme synthesis Globin synthesis Iron metabolism
Erythrocytes • Basic concepts of erythrocyte function,metabolism, production and breakdown • Heme synthesis • Globin synthesis • Iron metabolism
Erythrocyte metabolism Embden-meyerhof pathway --Glycolysis generates ATP and NADH Pentose phosphate pathway -This pathway produces NADPh Methemoblobin reductase pathway Methemoglobin(Fe3+) cannot transport oxygen Rapoport-luebering pathway -2, 3 diphosphoglycerate(2, 3 DPG)
Erythrocyte metabolism • Embden-meyerhof pathway --Glycolysis generates ATP and NADH • Pentose phosphate pathway --This pathway produces NADPH • Methemoblobin reductase pathway --Methemoglobin(Fe3+) cannot transport oxygen • Rapoport-luebering pathway --2,3 diphosphoglycerate(2,3 DPG)