Jaundice Definition Accumulation of yellow pigment in the skin and other tissues bilirubin)

Diarrhea Definition increase in the frequency of bowel movements increase in stool liquidity in some cases increase in daily stool weight

Fever .Normal body temperature 37°C, Circadian variation oral T00.5> axillary(腋温)

Definition Clinically apparent increase in the interstitial (间质) fluid volume Weight gain precedes overt edema Weight loss in edematous patients before “dry weight Massive edema is called Anasarca

INTRODUCTION Palpation of the pulse Measurment of arterial blood pressure Auscultation of blood vessels

Definition Cyanosis refers to bluish(带蓝色的 带青色的) color of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin(亚铁血 红蛋白;还原血红蛋白),orof hemoglobin derivatives, in the small blood vessels of those areas. It is usually most marked in the lips, nail beds(甲床),ears, and malar (颧骨的;颊的) eminences

the present era of technological advances, particularly in the various imaging modalities, there is a growing conception among practicing physicians in cardiovascular medicine that bedside physical examination is unnecessary and does not provide useful information

In the present era of technological advances, particularly in the various imaging modalities, there is a growing conception among practicing physicians in cardiovascular medicine that bedside physical examination is unnecessary and does not provide useful information

Dyspnea is defined as an awareness of difficulty in breathing It is therefore a symptom, usually described by the patient as \shortness of breath,\whether the sensation is due to actual difficulty in breathing or is essentially an awareness of hyperventilation. If the symptom becomes striking, it always companies with dilatation of nares, cyanosis, use of accessory muscles of respiration and abnormalities of respiratory rate, depth or rhythm

Coughing is an essential defense mechanism that it prevents the airways from the foreign substance and clear the excretion of respiratory tract. Coughing is a reflex. permanent and frequent coughing indicates an abnormality