晶体在几何外形上表现出明显的对称性，同时这些对称性性质也在物理性质上得以体现。 —— 介电常数可以表示为一个二阶张量：ε (α, β = x, y, z) αβ —— 电位移分量 = ∑

由于晶格具有周期性，一些物理量具有周期性，如势能函数： ( ) ( ) 1 1 2 2 3a3 V x V x l a l a l K K G G G = + + + —— 如图 XCH_001_024 所示，A 和 A’两点势能相同。 —— 势能函数是以 1 2 3 a , a , a G G G 为周期的三维周期函数 引入倒格子，可以将三维周期性函数展开为傅里叶级数

布拉伐格子的特点 —— 所有格点周围的情况都是一样的 + 晶体的晶向：在布拉伐格子中作一族平行的直线，这些平行直线可以将所有的格点包括无遗，这 些平行直线称为晶体的晶列。在一个平面里，相邻晶列之间的距离相等。每一簇晶列定义了一个方 向，称为晶向。如图 XCH_001_045_01~02 所示。 + 晶向的标志：原胞是最小的晶格重复单元，格点只在原胞的顶角上

1. 晶格周期性的描述 — 原胞和基矢晶格的共同特点是具有周期性，可以用原胞和基矢来描述

1. 简单立方晶格 原子球在一个平面内呈现为正方排列，如图 XCH001_001_00 所示。 这样的原子层叠加起来得到简单立方格子，如图 XCH001_001 所示。用原点表示原子的位置，即得 到其相应的晶格结构，如图 XCH001_002 所示

Electrical Engineering Textbook Series Richard C. Dorf, Series Editor University of California, Davis Forthcoming Titles Applied Vector Analysis Matiur Rahman and Issac Mulolani Optimal Control Systems Subbaram Naidu Continuous Signals and Systems with MATLAB Taan ElAli and Mohammad A. Karim

[1] Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover Pub￾lications, New York, 1965. [2] Adair, R., Concepts in Physics, Academic Press, New York, 1969. [3] Anderson, J., and Ryon, J., Electromagnetic Radiation in Accelerated Systems, Physical Review, vol. 181, no. 5, pp. 1765–1775, May 1969

One of the most powerful tools for the analysis of electromagnetics problems is the integral solution to Maxwell’s equations formulated by Stratton and Chu [187, 188]. These authors used the vector Green’s theorem to solve for E˜ and H˜ in much the same way as is done in static fields with the scalar Green’s theorem. An alternative approach is to use the Lorentz reciprocity theorem of § 4.10.2, as done by Fradin [74]. The reciprocity

5.1 Spatial symmetry decompositions Spatial symmetry can often be exploited to solve electromagnetics problems. For analytic solutions, symmetry can be used to reduce the number of boundary conditions that must be applied. For computer solutions the storage requirements can be reduced

4.1 Interpretation of the temporal transform When a field is represented by a continuous superposition of elemental components, the resulting decomposition can simplify computation and provide physical insight. Such rep￾resentation is usually accomplished through the use of an integral transform. Although