从本章开始，我们将要研究经济活动者的行为如何影响商品价格的问题。本章讨论两种 极端情形的产品市场上厂商的行为及价格的决定问题，这两种理想的市场结构就是完全竞争和 完全垄断。尽管现实中很少能见到这样的市场，但它们对于揭示竞争和垄断的内在本质具有特 殊的重要意义

高级经济分析离不开逻辑思维工具的运用，目的是要以严谨的方式揭示经济现象的内在 本质，建立经济运行的机理与机制，研究经济实践中的理论问题。从这个意义上说，高级经 济学阐明了经济学的原理，是经济学的精髓。从方法论上讲，高级经济学运用数理思维工具， 提出一系列经济学假设，对经济问题进行深入分析，建立经济现象的理论模型

1. Course Objective This course is intended for those taking Prelims in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Mods in Modern History and Economics, Prelims in Economics and Management and Part Is in Engineering, Economics and Management or Materials, Economics and Management

The monopolist is the only firm in the industry. Therefore, they face the entire demand curve. Profits are given by total revenue minus total costs. π = p(y)y − c(y). p(y) is the inverse demand curve

There are many different types of market structure. The main ones are: 1. Perfect Competition: Many small price-taking firms in an industry with free-entry. 2. Monopoly: One large price-setting firm in an industry with barriers to entry

Production requires inputs — factors of production — for example, labour and capital equipment. A production set is the set of outputs feasible given a particular combination of inputs. The production function

Consumer surplus is a measure of how much money a consumer would need to be given, in order to be just willing to give up their entire consumption of a particular good. Consumer surplus is approximately the area behind the demand curve. The change in consumer surplus following aprice change is illustrated in the second graph

There is another way to decompose the price effect. For simplicity consider a consumer with fixed income m. The Hicks decomposition involves pivoting the budget line around the initial indifference curve rather than the initial bundle. The diagram below illustrates for a price decrease in good 1

Suppose the consumer’s income were to increase. Optimal choice changes. How?

The last lecture investigated which bundle of goods the consumer prefers. However, goods cost money and the consumer cannot afford to buy indefinite amounts of each good