19.1 Introduction 19.2 The nucleosome is the subunit of all chromatin 19.3 DNA is coiled in arrays of nucleosomes 19.4 Nucleosomes have a common structure 19.5 DNA structure varies on the nucleosomal surface

15.1 Introduction 15.2 Insertion sequences are simple transposition modules 15.3 Composite transposons have IS modules 15.4 Transposition occurs by both replicative and nonreplicative mechanisms

13.1 Introduction 13.2 DNA polymerases are the enzymes that make DNA 13.3 DNA synthesis is semidiscontinuous 13.4 Coordinating synthesis of the lagging and leading strands 13.5 The replication apparatus of phage T4 13.6 Creating the replication forks at an origin 13.7 Common events in priming replication at the origin 13.8 Does methylation at the origin regulate initiation? 13.9 Licensing factor controls eukaryotic rereplication

第一节 花的组成 第二节 雄蕊的发育与结构 第三节 雌蕊的发育与结构 第四节 开花、传粉和受精 第五节 种子与果实

生命体是多层次、非线性、多侧面的复杂结构体系， 而细胞是生命体的结构与生命活动的基本单位，有 了细胞才有完整的生命活动

The generation of metabolic energy is a major activity of all cells, and two cytoplasmic organelles are specifically devoted to energy metabolism and the production of ATP. Mitochondria are responsible for generating most of the useful energy from the breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates, and chloroplasts

The concept of cell differentiation Determination or commitment Totipotency, Pluripotency and Monopotency Developmental landscape model

1 Cell communication and what is cell signaling 2. Some of the basic characteristics of cell signaling systems 3. Main classes of cell-surface receptor proteins for secreted

（一）名词解释 1.呼吸链； 2.氧化磷酸化作用； 3.磷氧比值（P／O）； 4. 底物水平磷酸化； 5. 解 偶联剂；6. 化学渗透学说

（一）名词解释 1.增色效应(hyperchromic effect)； 2. 分子杂交（molecular hybridization）； 3. 聚合酶链 式反应（PCR）； 4. DNA 的变性与复性（denaturation and renaturation of DNA）； 5. Tm； 6. 内含子与外显子