defense system that has evolved to protect animals from invading pathogenic microorganisms and ancer. It is able to generate an enormous variety of cells and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminat ing an apparently limitless variety of foreign invaders. These cells and molecules act together in a dynamic network whose omplexity rivals that of the nervous system. Functionally, an immune response can be divided into two related activities--recognition and response. Immune

蛋白质组研究的核心是系统识别一个细 胞或组织中表达的每一个蛋白质,以及确定 每个蛋白质的突出特征

Structural proteomics Structural proteomics has the goal o obtaining useful, three-dimensional models of all proteins by a combina- tion of experimental structure determination and comparative model building 10/272005 Chaoqun Wu, Fudan University

Branch of discovery science focusing on proteins In 1994 defined as the complete set of proteins that is expressed and modified following expression by the entire genome in the lifetime of a cell. If we look at an organism it means that we are looking at the proteome of 3 trillion of cells and -1000

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition David L. Nelson (U. of Wisconsin-Madison) Michael. Cox(U. of Wisconsin-Madison) 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry 1.1 Cellular Foundations 1.2 Chemical Foundations 1.3 Physical Foundations 1.4 Genetic Foundations 1.5 Evolutionary Foundations

3.1 Amino Acids 75 acids, covalently linked in characteristic linear sequences 3.2 Peptides and Proteins 85 Because each of these amino acids has a side chain with 3.3 Working with Proteins 89 distinctive chemical properties, this group of 20 pre cursor molecules may be regarded as the alphabet in

2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems 47 and titration curves, and consider how aqueous solu 2.2 lonization of Water. Weak Acids, and tions of weak acids or bases and their salts act as buffers Weak Bases 60 against pH changes in biological systems. The water 2.3 Buffering against pH Changes in Biological

5.1 Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligan proteins interact with other molecules and how their in- Oxygen-Binding Proteins 158 orotein structure. The 5.2 Complement protein's func- and Ligands: The Immune Immunoglobulins 174 5.3 Protein Interactions Modulated by Actin, Myosin, and

高等植物从营养生长转入生殖生长是植物个体发育史上的一个重大转变。植物从营养生 长向生殖生长转化需要一些特殊条件,但不论是一年生、二年生或多年生植物都必需达到一 定的生理状态后,才能感受所要求的外界条件而成花。植物能对环境起反应而成花所必需达 到的生理状态称花熟状态(ripeness to flower state植物达到花熟状态之前的时期称 幼年期( juvenile phase)。植物达到花熟状态,在适宜的环境条件下就开始花芽分化,这 是植物从营养生长转入生殖生长的标志,但开花是非常复杂的过程,在开花之前植物体内发 生一系列复杂的生理生化变化

一、植物生理学的定义和研究内容 (一)植物生理学的定义 植物生理学是研究植物生命活动规律、揭示生命现象本质的科学。即用物理的、化学的、生物学的方法,研究植物生长、生殖、衰老、死亡等一系列过程,在这些过程中所发生的代谢变化,以及这些代谢变化与环境条件的相互作用等