《自动控制原理》课程教学资源（The MathWorks - MATLAB 相关电子书籍）07 GraphicsMATLAB The Language of Technical Computing Using MATLAB Graphics Version 6

Indexed Color Displays 97 Colormap Colors and Fixed Colors 9-8 ge Number of Col 99 Nonactive Figures and Shared colors Dithering Truecolor on Indexed Color Systems 912 Selecting Drawing Methods Backing Store 915 Double buffering 9-16 Specifying the Figure Pointer Defining Custom Pointers 9-19 Interactive Graphics Axes Properties 9 Axes Objects Labeling and appearance Properties Creating Axes with Specific Characteristics Positioning Axes 85 The position vector Position units 8-6 Multiple Axes per Figure 87 Placing Text Outside the Axes Multiple Axes for Different Scaling 88 Individual Axis Control Setting Axis Limits 8-11 Setting Tick Mark Locations Changing Axis Direction

x Contents Indexed Color Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7 Colormap Colors and Fixed Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8 Using a Large Number of Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9 Nonactive Figures and Shared Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11 Dithering Truecolor on Indexed Color Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12 Selecting Drawing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15 Backing Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15 Double Buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15 Selecting a Renderer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16 Specifying the Figure Pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18 Defining Custom Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19 Interactive Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-23 9 Axes Properties Axes Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Labeling and Appearance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 Creating Axes with Specific Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 Positioning Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 The Position Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 Position Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 Multiple Axes per Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7 Placing Text Outside the Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7 Multiple Axes for Different Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 Individual Axis Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10 Setting Axis Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11 Setting Tick Mark Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12 Changing Axis Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13

Using Multiple X and Y Axes Example- Double Axis graphs 8-16 Automatic-Mode Properties Colors Controlled by Axes Specifying Axes Colors Axes Color Limits-The CLim Property 825 Example- Simulating Multiple Colormaps in a figure Calculating Color Limits Defining the Color of Lines for Plotting Line Styles Used for Plotting- LineStyleOrder 3-DⅤ isualization Creating 3-D Graphs 10 A Typical 3-D Graph 10-2 Line plots of 3-D Data 10-3 Representing a Matrix as a Surface 10-5 Mesh and Surface plots 10-5 Visualizing Functions of Two variables 106 Surface Plots of Nonuniformly Sampled Data 108 Parametric Surfaces Hidden Line removal 10-12 Coloring Mesh and Surface Plots 10-13 Coloring techniques 10-13 Types of Color Data 10-13 Indexed Color Surfaces- Direct and Scaled Colormapping. 10-16 Example -Mapping Surface Curvature to Color 10-17

xi Using Multiple X and Y Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16 Example – Double Axis Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16 Automatic-Mode Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19 Colors Controlled by Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22 Specifying Axes Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22 Axes Color Limits – The CLim Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25 Example – Simulating Multiple Colormaps in a Figure . . . . . 8-25 Calculating Color Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26 Defining the Color of Lines for Plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-29 Line Styles Used for Plotting – LineStyleOrder . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31 3-D Visualization 10 Creating 3-D Graphs A Typical 3-D Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 Line Plots of 3-D Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 Representing a Matrix as a Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 Mesh and Surface Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 Visualizing Functions of Two Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6 Surface Plots of Nonuniformly Sampled Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8 Parametric Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 Hidden Line Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 Coloring Mesh and Surface Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 Coloring Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 Types of Color Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 Colormaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 Indexed Color Surfaces – Direct and Scaled Colormapping . 10-16 Example – Mapping Surface Curvature to Color . . . . . . . . . . 10-17

Altering Colormaps 10-19 Truecolor Surfaces Texture Mapping 10-23 Defining the view Viewing Overview l12 Positioning the viewpoint 112 Setting the aspect ratio l12 Default views 11-3 Setting the viewpoint with Azimuth and Elevation l14 Azimuth and elevation l1-4 Defining Scenes with Camera graphic 118 View Control with the camera toolbar 119 Camera toolbar 119 Camera motion Controls 11-12 Orbit Ca l1-12 Orbit Scene light 11-13 Pan/Tilt Camera Move Camera Horizontally/Vertically 1115 Move camera forward and backwards 11-16 Zoom Camera .11-17 Camera roll 11-18 amera l1-19 Camera Graphics Functions 1121 Example- Dollying the Camera .1122 Example- Moving the Camera Through a Scene 1124 Summary of Techniques 1124 Graphing the Volume Data 11-24 Setting Up the view 125

xii Contents Altering Colormaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 Truecolor Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20 Texture Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 11 Defining the View Viewing Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 Positioning the Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 Setting the Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 Default Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 Setting the Viewpoint with Azimuth and Elevation . . . . . 11-4 Azimuth and Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4 Defining Scenes with Camera Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8 View Control with the Camera Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9 Camera Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9 Camera Motion Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12 Orbit Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12 Orbit Scene Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13 Pan/Tilt Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14 Move Camera Horizontally/Vertically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15 Move Camera Forward and Backwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16 Zoom Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17 Camera Roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18 Walk Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19 Camera Graphics Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21 Example — Dollying the Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-22 Example — Moving the Camera Through a Scene . . . . . . 11-24 Summary of Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24 Graphing the Volume Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24 Setting Up the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-25

electing a renderer 1126 Defining the Camera Path as a Stream Line l126 Implementing the Fly-Through 1126 Low-Level Camera Properties 1130 Default Viewpoint selectie Moving In and out on the scene 1131 Making the Scene Larger or Smaller 1133 Revolving Around the Scene 11-33 Rotation Without Resizing of Graphics Objects 1133 Rotation about the viewing axis 1134 View Projection Types 1136 Projection Types and Camera Location l37 Understanding Axes Aspect Ratio l1-41 Stretch-to- Fill Specifying Axis Scaling l141 Specifying Aspect Ratio Example- axis Command Options 11-43 Additional Commands for Setting Aspect Ratio 11-44 Axes Aspect Ratio Properties 11-46 Default Aspect Ratio Selection 1147 Overriding Stretch-to-Fill Effects of Setting Aspect Ratio Properties 1150 Example- Displaying Real Objects l154 Lighting as a visualization Tool 12 Lighting Overview Lighting Examples 12-2 Lighting Commands 12-3 XIlI

xiii Specifying the Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-25 Selecting a Renderer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26 Defining the Camera Path as a Stream Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26 Implementing the Fly-Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26 Low-Level Camera Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30 Default Viewpoint Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-31 Moving In and Out on the Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-31 Making the Scene Larger or Smaller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33 Revolving Around the Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33 Rotation Without Resizing of Graphics Objects . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33 Rotation About the Viewing Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-34 View Projection Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-36 Projection Types and Camera Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-37 Understanding Axes Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-41 Stretch-to-Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-41 Specifying Axis Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-41 Specifying Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-42 Example — axis Command Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-43 Additional Commands for Setting Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . 11-44 Axes Aspect Ratio Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-46 Default Aspect Ratio Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-47 Overriding Stretch-to-Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-49 Effects of Setting Aspect Ratio Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-50 Example — Displaying Real Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-54 12 Lighting as a Visualization Tool Lighting Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 Lighting Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 Lighting Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3

Light Objects 12-4 Adding Lights to a Scene 12-5 Properties That Affect Lighting 12-8 Selecting a Lighting Method 12-10 Face and Edge Lighting Methods 12-10 Reflectance Characteristics of Graphics Objects 12-11 Specular and Diffuse Reflection 12-11 Ambient light 12-12 Specular Exponent 12-13 Specular Color Reflectance 12-14 Back face Lighting 12-14 Positioning Lights in Data Space Transparency 13 Making Objects Transparent 13-2 Specifying Transparency 13-3 Specifying a Single Transparency Value 13-5 Example- Transparent Isosurface 13-5 Mapping Data to Transparency Size of the Alpha Data Array 13-9 Mapping Alpha Data to the alphamap 13-9 Example: Mapping Data to Color or Transparency Example: Modifying the Alphamap .13-13

xiv Contents Light Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4 Adding Lights to a Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5 Properties That Affect Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8 Selecting a Lighting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10 Face and Edge Lighting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10 Reflectance Characteristics of Graphics Objects . . . . . . . 12-11 Specular and Diffuse Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11 Ambient Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12 Specular Exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 Specular Color Reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14 Back Face Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14 Positioning Lights in Data Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17 13 Transparency Making Objects Transparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2 Specifying Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3 Specifying a Single Transparency Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5 Example – Transparent Isosurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5 Mapping Data to Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-8 Size of the Alpha Data Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-9 Mapping Alpha Data to the Alphamap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-9 Example: Mapping Data to Color or Transparency . . . . . . . . . 13-9 Selecting an Alphamap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-11 Example: Modifying the Alphamap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-13