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2. With regarding-to the relatively slow rise times of the IPsCs, we think there are two-possibilities. First, more or less, the IPSCs will be unavoidably filtered by its process structure, specially their fast rise phase( see the reply 1a)using i simulation with typical values of the parameters used above. we found ifthe 10- 90%eme05 ms for IPSCs pro时动一 te /efz xke A w44 A oL-LfesABr-44 4 end of BC axon,枚 ed-down to about o,62ms(24% increase),when recorded from BC soma. However when the 10-90% rise time is about 2.5 ms the increase is less than 10%/Therefore itseems electrical filtering te the et of IPSCs observed in our work ie-7 4e relatvely sma the- mg乙 glycinergic synapses made on bullfrog BCs, just as suggested for glycine receptors in the neuron of the inferior colliculus( Backus, Frech and Karushaar Zoology 2000). This assumptiom is strongly supported by a recent paper/(Frech Perez-Lebn, Wassle and Backus, J Neurophysiol 2001) performing on mouse nacrine cells They-found that,-op compact amacrine cells. the 10-90%6 iset time of glycinergic IPSCs is about 2.4 ms, while that of GABAergic IPSCs is much less(see pages 1632, 1637-1639 of the paper). They thought that the slow rise time is not due to process fitering, but may be due to synaptic properties, such as slow association rate constants of glycine receptors, slower transmitter exchange rate, which could be due to different morphological properties, different glial ensheathment, or different transmitter reuptake rate and sparse clustering of glycine receptors resulting in a more desynchronized activation of the glycine receptors. Additionally, Maple and Wu(J Physiol 1998) C L %amm上(r
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relationship Po-Im-p /(IN), where Im-p is the peak amplitude of the mean IPSC.The weighted mean single-channel conductance (g) could be derived from the relationship gs-i/(Erev- Vh), where Erev is the reversal potential of glycine receptor- mediated chloride currents, and Vh the holding potential. In this study, the equilibrium potential of chloride ions was about-35 mV. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Students t test and data were represented as mcans+ SD 2(%7x(B…-4 Filtering properties of BCs under voltage-clamp recordings. revaluate the effect of filtering on the kinetics of IPSCs, we digitally- modeled butllfrog-retinal BCs with NEURON- software Hines and Carnevale. 1997) as following. Bullfrog BC has a soma of about 7 um in diameter, an axon of 50 um long and L um in diameter branching into two processes (30 um in length and 1 um in diameter), and a primary dendrite of 10 um long and 2 um in diameter branching into two thinner processes with 20 um long and l um in diameter/ (measured from BC images). Taking a typical input resistance for BCs of 10 G@2 when potassium channels were blocked during our experiments, we-can-calculate a membrane conductance per unit area of 0. 143 Sm 2wo .rind If-weAssumd a cytoplasm resistivity of 200 Qcm and a specific membrane capacitance ofIuFcm2, this would lead to a space constant()of about 935_um for 子 d.c.and about 197 um for 100 Hz a.c. value much longer than the typical length of4 BC dendrites and axon. For typical glycinergic IPSCs studied in present work with a 10-90% rise time t,of 1.5-3.5 ms a decay time constant(tp)of 10-40 ms and a peak amplitude (p)of 5-30 pA, T, and to will be slowed down less than 10% and 5% respectively, and I, will be decreased about 7% even when IPSCs were elicited from the end of BC dendrites or axon
不 4L∠a sLcifretea, ex response was remarkably potentiated in either low Ca or in the presence of IBMX as well. The increased voltage responses of photoreceptors in low Ca wld definitely enhance- Be-velti The above two effects are in opposite signs. Therefore, whether light responses of the second-order neurons are potentiated or suppressed basically depends upon how much the saturation suppression is compensated by the increased voltage responses of photoreceptors 4 Passible explanation for differential modation by low Car可“2x from R- cones and G-cones to BCs reported that low Ca"suppressed the G-cone-driven responses of the cone horizontal cell more substantially than the R-cone-driven ones. This observation was accounted for by that the reduction in the synaptic strength between R-cones and cone honizontal cells due to saturation suppressioncoutdbecompensated to targerextenr by the more potentiate- cone signal in low Ca as compared to the G-cone signal [51]. This difference in compensation extent could时h↓y"drm modulation of R-cone and G-conce-driven BC responses(Fig. I and 2)/This explanation did not exclude other mechanisms that may involved in the above different effects of low Carsuch as R-cone andt econt\ mas operate aldimerent pathway for the signal input to cone eNBCs as it had een reported in Ltype horizontal cells. However, this point remaine te- ∠n-…=“ y而 2y(5.2