Industrial and Organizational Psychology? TABLE 1.1 Common Areas of Concentration for I-0 Psychologists Selection andplacement Developing tests Validating tests Analyzing jobconten ldentifying management potentia Defending testsaganst legal challenge Training and development ldentifying training and development needs Forming and implementing technical and managerial training programs Evaluating training effectiveness Career planning Organizational development Analyzing organization structure Maximiingsaisaonand effectiveness of employees Facilitatingorganization change Performance measurement Developing measures of performance Measuring the ecombenefit of performance Introducing performance evaluation systems Quality of worklife ldentifying factors assated with job satisfaction Reducing stress in the workplace Redesigning jobs to make them more meaningful Engineering psychology Designing work environments Optimizing person-machine effectiveness Making workplacessafer Adaptedfromhtt:/ypp012SodetyforndusraandPooyn Rights Reserved Reprinted by pemissionofwww.siopr approach the task of the human engineer is to develop an environment that is compatible with the characteristics of the worker.The "environmental"aspects this may include are quite diverse;among them are tools,work spaces,information display.shift work.work pace, machine controls,and even the extent to which safety is valued in the organization or work group.Human engineering,more than personnel or organizational psychology.integrates many different disciplines.These disciplines include cognitive science,ergonomics,exercise physiology,and even anatomy.For that reason,we will touch only lightly on topics that form the core of human engineering-work design and safety in the workplace.Nevertheless,if human engineering interests you,there are many excellent texts in the area (e.g.Salvendy, 2006:Wickens Hollands,2000:Wickens,Lee,Gordon,Liu,2004). In the past few pages,you have seen a number of examples of the capabilities of the I-O psychologist.The most striking characteristic of the profession is that research is actually used to address a concrete problem or issue.There is a clear connection between research conducted using the tools of science and the practice of I-O psychology.This emphasis on Scanned by CamScanner
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1.1 Thelmpc TABLE1.2 Common Job Titles for l-0 Psychologists Staff member,manager,director,vice president of: Personnel Human resources Organizationl planning Personnel development Organizational development Management development Personnel research Employee relations Training Affirmative action Assistant,assocate,full professor of: Psychology Management Organizationa behavior Industrial relations Human resources Corporate consultant Private consultant Research scentist:private sector Research scentist:government Research scentist:military Research scientist:test publisher the application of scientific knowledge is known as the scientist-practitioner model.This does not mean that every practicing I-O psychologist must also be an active researcher or that every I-O psychologist who does research must be an active practitioner.It simply means that science and practice are both important parts of I-O psychology.As an exam- ple,real problems related to medical accidents and mistakes in operating rooms lead to research on safety culture in hospitals.Similarly,university-based research on team train- ing is tested in hospital environments.An excellent popular version of the scientist- practitioner model can be seen in the TV show CSl:Crime Scene Investigation.A badly decomposed body is found and a team of forensic practitioners (ie,the detectives)bring back samples of clothing.skin,teeth,and so forth to the laboratory for analysis (by the scientists).Sometimes they do their own analysis and sometimes they have more skilled colleagues do the analysis.But regardless of who actually does the analysis,it is done for one reason-to find the murderer.I-O psychology is a bit less exciting than detective work,but the underlying motivation is the same-to address a real issue or problem in the workplace. 1-0 Psychology's ontributions to Society I-O psychologists have become increasingly interested in building sustainable and environ- mentally conscious organizations(Huffman,Watrons-Rodriguez,Henning,Berry,2009). Several 1-O psychologists have described efforts to lead the way in helping organizations to be more sustainable (e.g..DuBoisDuBois,2010;Jackson Seo,2010).Some of these efforts include organizational initiatives that were implemented for traditional business Scanned by CamScanner
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at Is Industrial and Organizationl Psychology? purposes (e.g..cost savings and process efficiency)but can in turn yield environmental ben- efits,which are also known as eco-benefits(Klein,Sanders,Huffman,2011).For example, organizational policies involving online testing and assessment(Chapter 3),telecommuting (Chapter 9).and compressed workweeks(Chapter 9)have all been linked with environmen- tal sustainability.Klein and colleagues(2011)note that I-O psychologists can guide organi- zations in identifying and measuring their eco-benefits and in promoting these benefits as another important outcome that can be considered along with more traditional outcomes such as individual,team,and organizational performance.The electronics company Panasonic (2011)announced major new eco-sustainability goals (e.g.double the number of drop-off locations in its electronics recycling program from 800 to 1,600 sites,reduce greenhouse gas emissions at its headquarters by half)that are likely to be adopted by other organizations.I-O psychologists can help lead the way in documenting both intended and unintended eco-benefits in organizations.Huffman and Klein(2013)edited a book entitled Green organizations:Driving change with I-O psychology that provides a number of excellent examples of interventions that encourage sustainable and socially responsible behaviors. In one of the broadest and most ambitious extensions of I-O psychology,Stuart Carr,a New Zealand I-O psychologist,has suggested ways in which I-O psychologists can bring their expertise to bear on humanitarian issues(Carr,2007).Along with other I-O psycholo- gists such as Lori Foster Thompson and Adrian Furnham,Carr has been working to pro- mote prosocial applications of psychology called humanitarian work psychology:the application of I-O psychology to the humanitarian arena,especially poverty reduction and the promotion of decent work,aligned with local stakeholders'needs,and in partnership with global aid/development groups(Carr,2013;Carr,MacLachlan,Furnham,2012). Carr suggests that our expertise in areas such as team building and training,stereotypes, organizational justice,and mental models is exactly the type of knowledge and skill neces- sary for bringing together the essential coalition of governments,aid organizations,and private industry.Carr and colleagues have formed a global network of fellow I-O psycholo- gists interested in addressing the I-O contributions to reducing world poverty (search for gohwp"on the web). In a recent symposium,Carr and other I-O psychologists discussed projects as broad as a U.N.resolution addressing psychological issues in poverty and as narrow as a micro-credit project directed by an 1-0 psychologist for desperately poor women in rural Nicaragua (Schein,2008).Interestingly,many in the audience for that symposium were psychology stu- dents who expressed great appreciation for examples of how I-O psychologists could make a difference in some of the major global problems of the 21st century.Carr's work,and the examples in the previous paragraphs,demonstrate how far-reaching I-O psychology can be. A related trend in I-O psychology is a focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR) which is defined as organizational actions and policies that take into account stakeholders' expectations as well as economic,social,and environmental performance (Aguinis Glavas,2012).CSR activities can include employee volunteering.donating a portion of sales to a charity,donating a portion of profits to school products for needy children,and having a portion of proceeds from sales go to vitamins and clean water for new mothers and their children.CSR activities can be good for the company (in terms of enhanced reputation)and good for the community.I-O psychology research will continue to investigate these CSR activities and how they relate to a variety of employee and customer attitudes and behaviors (Bauman Skitka,2012). Evidence-Based 1-0 Psychology 1-O psychologists have become increasingly focused on making evidence-based decisions in their work in organizations.Cascio and Aguinis(2011)have updated their well-known Applied Psychology in HRM textbook with"Evidence-Based Implications for Practice"in Scanned by CamScanner
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1.1 The lmpor every chapter.Many of these evidence-based implications are based on empirical research conducted by I-O psychologists.This trend can also be seen in the human resources(HR) field with Rousseau and Barends'(2011)discussion about how to become an evidence- based HR practitioner.They suggest that HR practitioners use a decision-making process that combines critical thinking with use of the best available scientific evidence.I-O psy- chologists are well positioned to develop and utilize evidence-based practices as they have adopted the scientist-practitioner model to guide the field as well as to guide the training of I-O Master's and PhD students.In a focal article in the journal I-O Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice,Briner and Rousseau (2011)point out that the medical field has done a better job of implementing evidence-based practice than has 1-O psychol- ogy and that making I-O psychology research more accessible to HR practitioners will help with such implementation.In this direction,SIOP and the Society for Human Resource Management(SHRM)are taking steps to put evidence-based 1-0 psychology into the hands of HR practitioners by publishing collaborative articles.The first two arti- cles in the series are on"Skill-Based Pay:HR's Role"and "Driving Customer Satisfaction through HR:Creating and Maintaining a Service Climate."Recent articles in this series are on competency models,leadership development,managing diversity,and performance management.Many more articles are planned for this series.This is a promising step in the process of increasing evidence-based practice and decision making in I-O psychology and the related field of human resources management.Nevertheless,additional collabo- rative efforts will be needed to increase the use of evidence-based I-O psychology in organizations. SIOP as a Resource The Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology is the single best resource for anyone interested in I-O psychology.The society accepts student members.SIOP's website (www.siop.org)is regularly updated and includes the following types of information: .The history of I-O psychology and of SIOP Membership information An electronic version of the quarterly newsletter of SIOP,called TIP (The Industrial- Organizational Psychologist),which has now been published for 50 years JobNet,a system that matches employers seeking I-O psychologists with applicants for I-O positions A listing of educational institutions that offer graduate training programs in I-O psychology A list of SIOP publications A list of upcoming conferences A social media page that includes information about SIOP's Facebook,Twitter, Exchange Blog,and Wiki sites A page that describes Prosocial and Humanitarian I-O Psychology At its May,2014 annual conference (a fantastic one in Honolulu!),SIOP launched a re-branding initiative, including a new logo and tagline:Science for a Smarter Workplace (Figure 1.1).The goals of this initiative include(1)promoting the science of I-O psychology,(2) SCIENCE FOR A SMART increasing SIOP's contributions to organizations and society,and(3)educating future I-O psychologists and FIGURE1.1 SIOP logo Scanned by CamScanner
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ndustrial and Organizational Psychology? others who might collaborate with I-O psychologists in research or applied projects.We've already discussed examples of the first two goals (e.g,evidence-based I-psychology, humanitarian work psychology),and we will discuss issues related to the third goal later in this chapter. How This Course Can Help You Working is a part of almost everyone's life.Outside of the classroom,you will likely do what most other people do:spend 50 percent or more of your waking weekday hours at work.This means that a course in I-O psychology should benefit you in several ways. First,it can help you understand what you are experiencing in the workplace.Most stu- dents have an exposure to work by the time they finish high school.Most continue to work in some capacity in college(during the summer and/or at part-time jobs during the school year).This textbook does not tell you what emotions to experience at work. Instead,we try to provide a broader context for you to understand various policies and practices that you are likely to experience in your work.For example,material in this text will provide a basis for knowing if the HR policies your organization follows are new or old,tested or untested,likely to be effective or ineffective.Second,chances are that you will eventually be placed in the position of managing the work of others and in that role either developing or at least implementing work-related policies.You may very well become a leader even without asking to be one.The material of this course and the text itself should provide you with a good foundation for developing and/or implementing effective policies.Third,in the course of your daily life you will almost certainly hear friends and family talk about their joys and frustrations with their organizations and work.Many of them will not have the understanding gained from a course like the one you are taking now.You will be able to act as a resource in helping them understand the policies that are affecting them. You might wonder why a course in I-O might be preferred over a course in human resources,or labor relations,or general management.The answer can be found in the ear- lier discussion of the scientist-practitioner model.That is how I-O is different.It applies the results of scientific research to real-world problems.These other courses consider the same real-world problems,but they do not depend on research for drawing conclusions.Instead they depend on experience,or current practices,or suggested "best"practices.And this is a valuable approach as well,but an I-O course is built around the results of scientific research. Although most of the students who read this book for a course they are taking will be nei- ther active researchers nor active practitioners of I-O psychology,there is a high probability that they will be consumers of 1-O research in considering their own jobs or the jobs of subordinates.In addition,many will be exposed to concepts of 1-0 psychology through interactions with psychological consultants or other managers.This course will help those readers become knowledgeable consumers. You will see another benefit from this course that goes beyond the relationship of you or your friends and relatives to a particular organization or job.There are national debates that relate to work.As a result of having taken this course,you will be better informed about many of the issues that form these debates than your colleagues or relatives.As examples of the debates that are currently on the table,consider the following 1.Is employment discrimination old news or is it still occurring?If it is occurring.who are its most common victims?To the extent that it is occurring.what can be done to reduce it?What are the various steps in an employment discrimination lawsuit? Scanned by CamScanner
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