CHANGe What is Global change? Global-scale changes that affect the functioning of the earth System 234 Much more than climate change Natural as well as anthropogenic changes Socio-economic as well as biophysical Nitrogen For example, changes in Temperature Nitrogen fixation Species Extinctions Temperature Mammal spe 850■Bds Biodiversity t40 30 0 GLLLL 0 YEAR
Vitousek (1994) What is Global Change? Nitrogen fixation Temperature Biodiversity……….. 1. Global-scale changes that affect the functioning of the Earth System 2. Much more than climate change 3. Natural as well as anthropogenic changes 4. Socio-economic as well as biophysical For example, changes in: Reid & Miller (1989)
change What is Global change? For example, changes in. CO Nitrogen fixation Ozone Temperature Biodiversity Human population Atmospheric composition Nitrogen flux to coastal Zone Population Loss of Tropical Rain Forest and oodland Nitrogen in the coastal 35 zone c30 Forest cover 25 20 15 0 c①O 175018001850190019502000 Year
NOAA What is Global Change? Nitrogen fixation Temperature Biodiversity Atmospheric composition Population Nitrogen in the coastal zone Forest cover For example, changes in: NASA U.S. Bureau of the Census Mackenzie et al (2002) Richards (1991), WRI (1990)
change What is Global change? For example, changes in. Nitrogen fixation Climate Temperature Land cover Biodiversity Nitrous oxide Atmospheric composition Fishery Exploitation Population 100 R Nitrogen in the coastal zone 0c60 Forest cover 百40 +0:8o Climate 20 Land use 。 Nitrous oxide FAO YEAR Exploitation of fisheries
What is Global Change? For example, changes in: Goldewijk and Battjes (1997) IPCC Nitrogen fixation Temperature Biodiversity Atmospheric composition Population Nitrogen in the coastal zone Forest cover Climate Land use Nitrous oxide Exploitation of fisheries FAO
GLOBA CHANGE Global Change and the Earth System International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
Global Change International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the Earth System
CHANGE An Integrated Earth System 4 glacial cycles recorded in the vostok ice core ■■口■■■■■■■■■■■■口■口■■■■■■■ v280 cO, 260 240 4 220 200 ■■■ “+瓶 面■都N2当 -6 0 -8 40 400350300250200150100500 Age(kyr BP) J. R. Petit et al. Nature, 399, 429-36 1999
An Integrated Earth System