CHAPTER ONE NOUNAND PRONOLAN 第一名词与代词 7. The clothes a person wears may express his or social position,(CET-4真题 C. determina 分析:考查名词辨析。四个选项分别为:A. curiosity好奇心;B. status身体,地位,情形;C.de- termination决心,果断;D. significance意义,重要性。题目中空格后面有连词or,所以前后为近义 词,即空格处需要填 social position的近义词,所以,答案为B 参考译文:一个人的穿着或许能够表明他的身份或社会地位。 8. It is generally known that New York is a city for nd a center for odd bits of information (CET-6真题 B. victims 分析:考查名词词义辨析。四个选项的意思分别为:A. veterans退伍军人;B. victims受害者,牺 牲品;C. pedestrians步行者;D. eccentrics行为古怪的人。旬中有一个平行结构,即 a city for.…和 a center for..所以两者后面的内容应该有一定的相似性,后者后面跟有“od(奇怪的)”,所以 答案选跟odd有关的一个词,即行为古怪的人,D为正确答案 参考译文:人们通常认为纽约是一个怪人云集的地方,也是怪异新闻的中心。 9. As one of the youngest professors in the university, Mr. Brown is certainly on the of a bril liant career.(CET-6真题) A. porch B. edge C course 分析:该题考查固定搭配。四个选项的意思分别为:A. porch门廊,走廊;B.edge边缘;C. course 过程,一道菜;D. threshold门槛,开始。 on the threshold of..为固定搭配,意为“在的开头 在…快要开始的时候,在…的前夕”,根据句意,D符合题意 参考译文:作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一,布朗先生即将开始他的辉煌事业 . 0. Being ignorant of the law is not accepted as an for breaking the law.(CET-4真题) B. in C optic D app 分析:此题为名词辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为:A. excuse借口,理由;B. intention意图,目 的;C. option选项,选择; D approval同意,赞成。根据句意和选项的意思,答案为A 参考译文:对法律的无知并不能成为违法的借口 11. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.( TOEFL真题) B. to be one of the finalists C. one of the finalists D. the one finalist who 分析:该题考查的是介词as的宾语。选项A为动名词短语,通常表示抽象概念,故排除。B项 的不定式短语不能做介词as的宾语;D项中,who引导的从句中没有谓语。所以,答案选择C 名词短语做介词as的宾语 参考译文:1989年, Carret Hongo人围普利策诗歌奖决赛
募丫爵备尹了奢二鳍可少八截幼孕剔浑飞八毋尹材了夕浑矜芝刀写 第一演六河与丫豁驴 7 . The clothes a person wears may express his _ or social position . ( CET一4真题) A . curiosityB , status C . determination D . significance 分析:考查名词辨析。四个选项分别为:A . curiosity好奇心;B . status身体,地位,情形;C . de - termination决心,果断;D . significance意义,重要性。题目中空格后面有连词or,所以前后为近义 词,即空格处需要填social position的近义词,所以,答案为B 。 参考译文:一个人的穿着或许能够表明他的身份或社会地位。 8 . It 15 generally known that New York 15 a city for _ and a center for odd bits of information . ( CET一6真题) A . veterans B . victims C . pedestrians D . eccentrics 分析:考查名词词义辨析。四个选项的意思分别为:A . veterans退伍军人;B . victims受害者,牺 牲品;C . pedestrians步行者;D . eccentrics行为古怪的人。句中有一个平行结构,即a city for …和 a 。 enter for …,所以两者后面的内容应该有一定的相似性,后者后面跟有“ odd(奇怪的)",所以 答案选跟odd有关的一个词,即行为古怪的人,D为正确答案。 参考译文:人们通常认为纽约是一个怪人云集的地方,也是怪异新闻的中心。 9 . As one of the youngest professors in the university , Mr . Brown 15 certainly on the _ of a bril - liant career . ( CET一6真题) A . porch B . edge C . course D . threshold 分析:该题考查固定搭配。四个选项的意思分别为:A . porch门廊,走廊;B . edge边缘;C . course 过程,一道菜;D . tlireshold门槛,开始。 on the thresholdof.二为固定搭配,意为“在…的开头, 在…快要开始的时候,在…的前夕”,根据句意,D符合题意。 参考译文:作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一,布朗先生即将开始他的辉煌事业。 10 . Being ignorant of the law 15 not accepted as an _ for breaking the law . ( CET一4真题) A . excuse B . intention C . option D . aPproval 分析:此题为名词辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为:A . excuse借口,理由;B . intention意图,目 的;C.叩tion选项,选择;D.叩proval同意,赞成。根据句意和选项的意思,答案为A 。 参考译文:对法律的无知并不能成为违法的借口。 1 1 . In 1959 carret Hongo was chosen as _ for the Pulitzer Prize in poet叮.( ToEFL真题) A . his being one of the finalists B . to be one of the finalists C . one of the finalists D . the one fin日ist who 分析:该题考查的是介词as的宾语。选项A为动名词短语,通常表示抽象概念,故排除。 B项 的不定式短语不能做介词as的宾语;D项中,who引导的从句中没有谓语。所以,答案选择C , 名词短语做介词as的宾语。 参考译文:1989年,C ? t Hong 。人围普利策诗歌奖决赛。 111今 , O{…乞 ‘ 。}容珊
薄冰 通 大学英语语法 The Highiights of Coliege Englsh Grammar 【学以致用】 Exercise1A用所给名词的适当形式填空 confused and misled by the hedge-podge(大杂烩)of environmental 2(claim)by household 3(produce), according to a"green 4( label)"study published by Consumers International Frida Among the report,'s more outrageous 5( find)-a German fertilizer described itself as earthworm friendly, "a brand of 6 flour)said it was"non-polluting, "and a British toilet 7 paper) claimed to be"environmentally friendlier The study was written and researched by Britain's National Consumer Council ( NCC) for lobby group Consumers International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go (shop)are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the products they buy, " said Consumers International director Anna Fielde The ten-country study surveyed product 9( package)in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United States made the most envi ronmental claims on 10 average) I1(report)focused on claims made by specific products, such Insect 3 (spray) and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling 14(guideline)set by the Intemational Standards Organization( ISO)in September Researchers documented claims of environmental 15( friend) made by about 2 and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO 16 standard friendly, but in fact many of these 18( symbol)mean nothing, "said 19 (report)researcher Philip Page. Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household 20( cleaner)were second with 145 separate claims, while 21 (paint)were third on our list with 73. The high 22 number )show how very confusing it must be sumers to sort the true from the misleading The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on 23(product)packaging, because 24(term)such as"environmental friendly"and"non-polluting"cannot be verified. What we are now pushing for is to have multinational 25( corporation)meet the standards set by ISO, "said
薄冰点, 大学英语语法孙封匆约螃蘸了c麟即舀翻g盼。伯卿撇, 【学以致用】 Exercise IA用所给名词的适当形式填空 -生一(consume ) are being confused and misled by the hedge一podge(大杂烩)of envirorunental 2 ( claim ) by household3 ( produce ) , according toa “罗en4 ( label ) " study published hy Consumers Intemational Friday . Aolong the report ' 5 more outra罗ous . -.立一(find)一a German fertilizer described itself as " earthworm friendly , " a brand of一旦一(flour ) said it was " non一polluting , " and a British toilet一卫一 ( paper ) clainled to be " envirorunentally fliendiier . " The study was湘tten and researched by Britain , 5 National Consumer Council ( NCC ) for lobby 酗up Consumers International . It was funded by the German and Dutch govemments and the European Commission . " While many good and useful claims are being made , it 15 clear there 15 a long way to 90 in ensuring -」一(shop ) are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the products they buy , " said Consu打lers International director Anna Fielder . The ten一count叮study surveyed productse卫一(package ) in Britain , Western Europe , Scandinavia and the United States . It found that products sold in Germany and the United States made the most envi - ronmental claims on卫卫一(average ) . -二工一(report ) focused on claims made by sPec迅c products , such ases二鱼一(dete吧ent ) , insect -一丝生-( s脚y ) and by some garden products . It did oot test the claims , but compared them to Iabeling -一坦=- ( guideline ) set by the Intemational Standards organization ( 150 ) in September , 1999 . Researchers documented claims of environmental一旦一(friend ) made by aboutZ , 000 products and found many too va , e or too misleading to meet 150卫旦一(standard ) . " Many products had specially一desi , ed --一些.一(label ) to make them seem environmentally frien山y , bu , in fact many of these卫旦一(s卿bol ) mean nothi : 19 , " said一四‘ ( report ) researcher Philip Page · " Laund卿detergents made the most number of claims with 158 . Household一卫旦一(cleaner ) were second with 145 separate claims , while-丝一-( paint ) were third on our list with 73 . The high二丝一 ( number ) show how ve守confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading , " he said . The 150 labeling standards ban va即e or misleading claims on三鳖e ( product ) packaging , because 止翌=- ( term ) such as " environmental friendly " and " non一polluting " cannot be verified . " What we are now pushi嗯for 15 to have multinational --止丝二-( co甲oration ) meet the standards set by 150 , " s ' d Page . 右二璐 沙蘑
CHAPTER ONE NOUNAND PRONOUN 第一亨名词与代词 Exercise1B指出下面各句中的错误并改正 1. They bought a number of new furnitures at a market yesterday iences in doing business 3. Jim was upset last night because he had to do too many homeworks 5. She has two fruits after each meal in order to keep fit 6. I wish I could give you many advices 7. She does several part-time works in order to earn her tuition 8. There are more than 30 peoples in the meeting room 9. Jack wants to gain as many knowledges as possible at university 10. Measles are an infectious disease 第二节名词的属格 【重点提炼 1格的种类 格(case)是名词和代词的曲折变化形式,它在句中表示与其他词的关系。英语中名词的格有 种:主格( nominative case)、宾格( objective case)和属格( genitive case)。因为名词的主格和宾格 形式相同,所以它们又统称为通格( common case)。 当名词在句中做主语宾语和表语时,使用通格形式;当名词与其他名词形成所有、主谓等关 系时,通常使用属格。例如 ◆ His advisor is a specialist in electronics.他的导师是电子学方面的专家。(前者为主语,后者 为表语) ◆ Many young people in China like fast- food restaurants like KFC and McDonald's.中国的许多年 轻人喜欢像肯德基和麦当劳这样的快餐店。(做宾语) This is a friend3 suggestion.这是一个朋友的建议。(所属关系) 2名词属格的形式 名词的属格表示所属关系,它有两种不同的形式 1)当名词表示有生命的东西时,其所有格一般是在词尾加-s,有-s或es的复数名词词尾时只 加省略号“'”,例如: Shakespeare's four tragedies(莎土比亚四大悲剧), Uncle tom' s Cabin(《汤 姆叔叔的小屋》), four days’work等。 2)当名词表示无生命的东西时,其属格通常是由介词of加名词构成,例如: the main gate of the r palace(颐和园的正门), the cover of a book(书的封面)等
鱼~学半默湍粉净 Exerdse IB指出下面各句中的错误并改正 1 . They bought a number of new fomitures at a market yesterday · 2 . He has few experiences in doing business · 3 . Jim was upset last night because he had to do too ma叮homeworks . 4 . He has a lot of first一hand informations . 5 . She has two fruits after each meal in order to keep fit . 6 . 1 wish 1 could give you many adVices . 7 . She does several part一time works in order to eam her tuition · 8 . There are more than 30 peoples in the meeting room · 9 . Jack wants to gain as many knowledges as possible at university . 10 . Measles are an illfectious disease . 第二节名词的属格 【重点提炼】 1格的种类 格(case)是名词和代词的曲折变化形式,它在句中表示与其他词的关系。英语中名词的格有 三种:主格(nominative case)、宾格(objective case)和属格(genitive case)。因为名词的主格和宾格 形式相同,所以它们又统称为通格(common case)。 当名词在句中做主语、宾语和表语时,使用通格形式;当名词与其他名词形成所有、主谓等关 系时,通常使用属格。例如: . Hisa山iso : 15 asPecialistinelectronics.他的导师是电子学方面的专家。(前者为主语,后者 为表语) 令Mally young people in China like fast一food restauran " like KFC and McDonald , 5.中国的许多年 轻人喜欢像肯德基和麦当劳这样的快餐店。(做宾语) 今This isa声end , s su韶郡tion.这是一个朋友的建议。(所属关系) 2名词属格的形式 名词的属格表示所属关系,它有两种不同的形式: l)当名词表示有生命的东西时,其所有格一般是在词尾加一,s,有一s或一es的复数名词词尾时只 加省略号“ " ',例如:Shakespeare ' 5 four tragedies(莎士比亚四大悲剧),肠诚e Tom , s Cabi , '(《汤 姆叔叔的小屋》), four days ' work等。 2)当名词表示无生命的东西时,其属格通常是由介词of加名词构成,例如:the maln gate of the Summer Palace(颐和园的正门), the cover of a book(书的封面)等。 今 , 5 …釜澎
薄冰 通 大学英语语法 the Highlights of College English Grammar 3-属格的构成方法 1)单数名词直接在词尾加s,读音与名词变复数时的读音相同,例如: Marys cousin,the hostess remarks(女主人的话), a bird's-eye view(鸟瞰,俯视)等。 2)以-s结尾的复数名词,只需在词尾加,例如: the girls' dormitory, Teachers'Day, the students reaction, Beijing Workers' Stadium(北京工人体育场)等。 3)不以-s结尾的复数名词,加s,例如:men' s clothes(男装), the childrens palace(少年宫), Beijing Children' s Hospital(北京儿童医院)等。 4)以-结尾的单形人名变属格时一般加8,例如:Tho 5)在for.,sake结构中,以/s/√z音结尾的名词的属格只加,例如: for acquaintance’sake(看 在熟人面上), for old times'sake(看在老相识的分上), for goodness sake(看在上帝的分 上)等。 注:在这一结构中,在 appearance, conscience和 convenience之后常常什么都不加,如: for appearance sake(为了装点门面), for conscience sake(为了问心无愧),fon convenience sake(为了方便起见)。 6)复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组变属格时,在最后一个词的词尾加s,例如: someone else' s opinion, his mother-in- law's interference(他岳母的干预), two hour and a halfs walk(走 路两个半小时), the University of Michigan' s president(密歇根大学的校长)等。 4of属格的用法 of属格除了用于无生命的东西之外,还可以用于以下情况: 1)用于名词本身修饰语较多时,例如: the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat((老黑猫 又长又美的尾巴)。 2)用于所有格修饰语较长时,例如: the car of Lee. mother-in-lau' brother(李的岳母的哥哥 的汽车)。 3)用于名词化的词,例如: the miserable living conditions of the poor(穷人悲惨的生活状况),the struggle of the oppressed(被压迫人民的斗争)。 4)用于代词宾格之前,例如: three of us(我们当中的三个) 5名词属格所表示的关系 名词属格(包括’s属格和of属格)主要表示所属关系,所以经常被称为“所有格”。但是,属 格所表示的关系并非仅限于所属关系。除此之外,属格还可以表示主谓、动宾、同位、来源、类别等 六种关系,现分别举例说明如下: 1)表示所属关系,例如Mike' s apartment, the lady,'s handbag, the moral of the story(这个故事的 寓意), the summit of the mountain(山顶), the leg of the desk等 2)表示主谓关系,例如 his father' s stay in London(他父亲在伦敦逗留的时间), the president's ,示动2手0 pation of the city by the enemy(城市被敌人占领)等 4)表示同位关系,例如: the city of Rome(罗马城), the rascal of a landlord(这个地主恶棍)
一,s属格的构成方法 1)单数名词直接在词尾加一、,读音与名词变复数时的读音相同,例如:M娜,5 cousin , the hastess 、 remarks(女主人的话), a hird ' s一eye view(鸟瞰,俯视)等。 2)以一s结尾的复数名词,只需在词尾加一,,例如:the girls , do耐tory , Teachers ' Day , the studenis ' reaction , Beijing Workers , Stadium(北京工人体育场)等。 3)不以一s结尾的复数名词,加一,。,例如:men , 5 clothes(男装), the children ' s palace(少年宫), Beiji飞Chil阮n , 5 Hospital(北京儿童医院)等。 4)以一s结尾的单形人名变属格时一般加一,s,例如:Th二as ' , brother , Charles 、 n , job等。 5)在for …,ake结构中,以/酬、/盯音结尾的名词的属格只加一’,例如:for acquaintance , sake(看 在熟人面上), for old times , sake(看在老相识的分上), for即odness , sake(看在上帝的分 上)等。 6)复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组变属格时,在最后一个词的词尾加一’ 。,例如:someone else ,,。 pi ' on , his mother一in一law , s interference(他岳母的干预), two hour and ah心5 walk(走 路两个半小时), the University 。 f Michigan , 5 president(密歇根大学的校长)等。 4 。 f属格的用法 of属格除了用于无生命的东西之外,还可以用于以下情况: l)用于名词本身修饰语较多时,例如:the oe理10咭and邵ac咖ltail Of the old black cat(老黑猫 又长又美的尾巴)。 2)用于所有格修饰语较长时,例如:the carof肠e , s nzothe卜in一l二毖brothe ;(李的岳母的哥哥 的汽车)。 3)用于名词化的词,例如:the miserable liVing condition , Of the poor(穷人悲惨的生活状况), the str ' uggl 。 of , heoPP ? ed(被压迫人民的斗争)。 4)用于代词宾格之前,例如:t城e ofus(我们当中的三个)。 5名词属格所表示的关系 名词属格(包括一,。属格和of属格)主要表示所属关系,所以经常被称为“所有格” 。但是,属 格所表示的关系并非仅限于所属关系。除此之外,属格还可以表示主谓、动宾、同位、来源、类别等 六种关系,现分别举例说明如下: 1)表示所属关系,例如:Mike , 5 apaxtment , the lady ' s handbag , the mo耐Of the story(这个故事的 寓意), the sumnut Of the mountain(山顶), the leg Of the desk等。 2)表示主谓关系,例如:his fa1her ' o stay in London(他父亲在伦敦逗留的时间), the President ' s 训v日,his parents ’叩少oval , a room for the use of the即ests(客人住的房间)等。 3)表示动宾关系,例如:the 1055 of a son(丧子), his son , 5 disch啤e(他儿子被解雇), the occu - pation 。 f the ci汀by the enemy(城市被敌人占领)等。 4)表示同位关系,例如:the city of Rome(罗马城), the rascal of a landI0rd(这个地主恶棍)。 .… 蔚兰1 '
CHAPTERONE NOUN AND PRONOUM 第一章名词亐代词 5)表示来源,例如: Paul's new book( a new book written by Paul)(保罗出的新书), Jennifers tel egraph( a telegraph from Jennifer)(詹妮弗发的电报), his fathers advice等。 6)表示类别,例如: Shall I compare thee to a summer'sday?我能否能把你比作夏日?(莎士比 亚作品) 【难点聚焦】 1.亠s属格所修饰名词的省略 1)-s属格后的名词如果为商店、家宅、某些职业的从业场所等地点名词时,这些名词通常可以 省略,例如: at the doctor's(= at the doctors clinic)在诊所, at the dentist's(= at the dentists clinic)在牙医诊所, at my uncle's(= at my uncle's home)在我叔叔家里, at my friends(=at my friends home)在我朋友家里。 2)-s属格所修饰的名词,如果该名词在句中已经出现,则可以省略,例如: ◆ This laptop is not mine,i'sBi'.这台笔记本电脑不是我的,是比尔的。(Bil后面省略了 ◆ His opinion is quite similar to his parents'.他和他父母的看法非常接近。( his parents后面省 略了 opInion) 2.双重属格是把名词的属格作为介词of的宾语,简单地说,也就是:of+‘s结构。例如:在 a friend of Mary’s这一结构中,of(…的)表示所有关系,而 Mary's也表示所有关系,所以 of Mary's就称为 双重属格。 1)双重属格表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,例如: a former classmate of my father's(我父亲的 位老同学), a photo of Tom's(汤姆的一张照片 2)注意双重属格与“of+名词”属格在意思上的区别。 在上面的双重属格结构 a friend of Mary's中, Marys的用法属于所有格的省略,即:它后 面省略了与前面相同的名词。所以,其完整的表达形式应该为: a friend of Mary’ s friends而 对于“of+名词”属格形式,我们可以将它还原成亠‘s属格形式来理解,比如: a friend of Mary可 以理解成 Mary's friend。试比较 a photo of Tom's(= a photo of Tom' s photos)汤姆照片中的一张(表“所有”。这是他许多照 片中的一张,照片上不一定是汤姆自己) a photo of Tom(=Torm' s photo)汤姆(自己)的一张照片(表“同位”。照片上的人就是汤姆自己) Frank is a friend of her husbands.(= a friend of her husband' s friends)弗兰克是她丈夫的一 个朋友。(强调她丈夫的朋友不止一个) Frank is a friend of her husband.(= Frank is her husbands friend.)弗兰克是她丈夫的朋友。 强调弗兰克和她丈夫是朋友关系,而不体现她丈夫朋友的多少)
〔有魂尸7W又O脚形N仆彭人难j叨)尸况ON口乙八 箫一幸齐河W伽夕净 5)表示来源,例如:Paul , 5 new book ( a new book written by Paul )(保罗出的新书), Jennifer ' s tel - e罗叩h ( a tele 『即h from Jennifer )(詹妮弗发的电报), his father , s advice等。 6)表示类别,例如:Shall 1 compare theet 。 a summer ' sd即?我能否能把你比作夏日?(莎士比 亚作品) 11 …令 【难点聚焦】 1一,,属格所修饰名词的省略 1)一,s属格后的名词如果为商店、家宅、某些职业的从业场所等地点名词时,这些名词通常可以 省略,例如:at the doctor ' s(二at the doctor ' s 。 linic)在诊所,at the dentist ' s(二at the dentist , s clinic)在牙医诊所,at my uncle ' s ( = at my uncle ' 5 home)在我叔叔家里,at my friend ' s(二at my伍end ' 5 home)在我朋友家里。 2)一,s属格所修饰的名词,如果该名词在句中已经出现,则可以省略,例如: . ThislaPtopisnotmine , it , sBill 、.这台笔记本电脑不是我的,是比尔的。(Bill ' s后面省略了 I叩top ) . Hi,。 pinionisquitesimilartohisparents '.他和他父母的看法非常接近。(hisparents ’后面省 略了opinion ) 2.双重属格是把名词的属格作为介词of的宾语,简单地说,也就是:of+一,s结构。例如:在a friend of Mary 、这一结构中,of(…的)表示所有关系,而Mary 、也表示所有关系,所以ofM卿、就称为 双重属格。 l)双重属格表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,例如:afo二er classmate of my fathe扩s(我父亲的 一位老同学), a Photo ofTom , s(汤姆的一张照片)。 2)注意双重属格与“ of十名词”属格在意思上的区别。 在上面的双重属格结构a friend of Mary 、中,Ma才s的用法属于所有格的省略,即:它后 面省略了与前面相同的名词。所以,其完整的表达形式应该为:a伍end of Ma可,friends 。而 对于“ of+名词”属格形式,我们可以将它还原成一、属格形式来理解,比如:a伍end of Mary可 以理解成Ma叮、创end 。试比较: ,。 phot 。 。 f肠m , s ( = a photo 。 f Tom , 5 photos)汤姆照片中的一张(表“所有” 。这是他许多照 之片中的一张.照片上不一定是汤姆自己) L a phot 。 of Tom ( . = Tom ' s phot 。)汤姆(自己)的一张照片(表“同位” 。照片上的人就是汤姆自己) 。 Frank 15 a friend of her husband , 5 . ( = a friend of her husband , 5 friends)弗兰点是娥寸夹的一 l个朋友。(强调她丈夫的朋友不止一个) 、 Frank 15 a friend of her husband .(二Frank 15 her husband , 5 friend .)弗兰点早械寸失的朋方。 L(强调弗兰克和她丈夫是朋友关系,而不体现她丈夫朋友的多少) 门,】二闷一 "}霉.珊