488WEATHER ELEMENTS20°W20NTON10N63'EWANE70100'E70'E100°EFigure3508b.ThewintermonsoonFigure3508a.Thesummermonsoon.matological belt of high pressure encounters a continent,itscyclonicorigin and various local winds.Somecommon lo-calwindsarelistedbylocalnamebelowpattern is distorted or interrupted,whereas a belt of lowpres-sure is intensified over the samearea Inwinter,the oppositeeffect takes place,belts ofhigh pressurebeing intensified overAbroholosA squall frequent from May throughAugust between Cabode SaoTomelandandthoseof lowpressurebeingweakened.and CaboFrioon the coast of Brazil.Themoststrikingexampleofawindsystemproducedbythe alternate heating and cooling of a landmass is themon-Bali windA strong east wind at the eastern endsoon (seasonal wind)of the China Sea and Indian Ocean.AofJava.portion of thiseffect is shown in Figure3508a and FigureBaratA heavy northwest squall in Manado Bay3508b.Inthesummer,lowpressureprevails overthewarmon the north coast of the island ofCelebes,continentof Asia,and relativelyhigherpressureprevailsoverprevalent from December to February.the adjacent sea.Between these two systems thewind blowsBarberA strongwind carryingdamp snoworinanearlysteadydirection.Thelowerportionof thepatternsleet and spray that freezes upon contactis in the Southern Hemisphere,extending to about 10° southwith objects, especially the beard and hair.latitude.HeretherotationoftheearthcausesadeflectiontoBayamoAviolentwindblowingfromthelandthe left, resulting in southeasterly winds. As they cross theonthesouthcoastofCuba,especiallyequator, the deflection is in the opposite direction, causingnear theBight of Bayamo.them to curve toward the right, becoming southwesterlywinds.Inthewinter,thepositions ofhighand lowpressurear-Bentu de SoliAn east wind on the coast of Sardiniaeasare interchanged,and thedirection offlow is reversedBoraAcold, northerlywind blowing fromIntheChina Sea,thesummermonsoonblowsfromthethe Hungarian basin into the Adriaticsouthwest, usuallyfrom May to September.The strongSea. See also FALL WIND.winds are accompanied by heavy squalls and thunder-A thunderstorm or violent squall,Borascostorms, the rainfall being much heavierthan during theespecially in the Mediterranean.wintermonsoon.As the seasonadvances,squalls andrainbecomeless frequent.In someplacesthewind becomes aBrisa, Briza1. A northeast wind which blows onthe coast of South America or an eastlight breeze which is unsteady in direction, or stops alto-wind whichblows on PuertoRicogether,while in other places it continues almostduring the trade wind season.2. Theundiminished, with changes in direction or calms being in-northeast monsoon in the Philippines.frequent.Thewintermonsoonblows from thenortheast,BrisoteThe northeast trade wind when it isusuallyfromOctobertoApril.Itblowswitha steadinessblowing stronger than usual on Cuba.similartothat ofthetradewinds, often attainingthe speedof a moderate gale (28-33 knots). Skies are generally clearBrubuA name for a squall in the East Indies.during this season,and there is relatively littlerain.Bull's Eye SquallA squall forming in fair weather,The general circulation is further modified by winds of
488 WEATHER ELEMENTS matological belt of high pressure encounters a continent, its pattern is distorted or interrupted, whereas a belt of low pressure is intensified over the same area. In winter, the opposite effect takes place, belts of high pressure being intensified over land and those of low pressure being weakened. The most striking example of a wind system produced by the alternate heating and cooling of a landmass is the monsoon (seasonal wind) of the China Sea and Indian Ocean. A portion of this effect is shown in Figure 3508a and Figure 3508b. In the summer, low pressure prevails over the warm continent of Asia, and relatively higher pressure prevails over the adjacent sea. Between these two systems the wind blows in a nearly steady direction. The lower portion of the pattern is in the Southern Hemisphere, extending to about 10° south latitude. Here the rotation of the earth causes a deflection to the left, resulting in southeasterly winds. As they cross the equator, the deflection is in the opposite direction, causing them to curve toward the right, becoming southwesterly winds. In the winter, the positions of high and low pressure areas are interchanged, and the direction of flow is reversed. In the China Sea, the summer monsoon blows from the southwest, usually from May to September. The strong winds are accompanied by heavy squalls and thunderstorms, the rainfall being much heavier than during the winter monsoon. As the season advances, squalls and rain become less frequent. In some places the wind becomes a light breeze which is unsteady in direction, or stops altogether, while in other places it continues almost undiminished, with changes in direction or calms being infrequent. The winter monsoon blows from the northeast, usually from October to April. It blows with a steadiness similar to that of the trade winds, often attaining the speed of a moderate gale (28–33 knots). Skies are generally clear during this season, and there is relatively little rain. The general circulation is further modified by winds of cyclonic origin and various local winds. Some common local winds are listed by local name below. Figure 3508a. The summer monsoon. Figure 3508b. The winter monsoon. Abroholos A squall frequent from May through August between Cabo de Sao Tome and Cabo Frio on the coast of Brazil. Bali wind A strong east wind at the eastern end of Java. Barat A heavy northwest squall in Manado Bay on the north coast of the island of Celebes, prevalent from December to February. Barber A strong wind carrying damp snow or sleet and spray that freezes upon contact with objects, especially the beard and hair. Bayamo A violent wind blowing from the land on the south coast of Cuba, especially near the Bight of Bayamo. Bentu de Soli An east wind on the coast of Sardinia. Bora A cold, northerly wind blowing from the Hungarian basin into the Adriatic Sea. See also FALL WIND. Borasco A thunderstorm or violent squall, especially in the Mediterranean. Brisa, Briza 1. A northeast wind which blows on the coast of South America or an east wind which blows on Puerto Rico during the trade wind season. 2. The northeast monsoon in the Philippines. Brisote The northeast trade wind when it is blowing stronger than usual on Cuba. Brubu A name for a squall in the East Indies. Bull’s Eye Squall A squall forming in fair weather
489WEATHERELEMENTSBull's Eye Squallcharacteristic ofthe ocean off the coastKona StormA storm over the Hawaian Islands,(continued)of South Africa. It is named for thecharacterized by strong southerly orpeculiar appearance of the smallsouthwesterly winds and heavy rains.isolated cloud marking the top oftheLesteA hot,dry,easterly wind of theinvisible vortex of the stormMadeira and Canary Islands.The strong southeast wind whichCape DoctorLevanterA strong easterly wind of the Mediterrane-blows on the South African coast. Alsoan, especially in the Strait ofGibraltar,called the DOCTORatended by cloudy,foggy,and sometimsCaver, KaverA gentle breeze in the Hebrides.rainy weather especially in winter.A violent squall with thunder andChubascoLevanteraA persistent east wind of the Adriatic,lightning, encountered during the rainyusually accompanied by cloudy weather.season along the west coast of CentralLevantoA hot southeasterly wind which blowsAmericaover the Canary Islands.ChuradaA severe rain squallin the Mariana IslandsLevecheA warm wind in Spain,either a foehnduring the northeast monsoon. They occuror a hot southerly wind in advance of afrom November to April or May,lowpressure area movingfrom theespecially from January through March.Sahara Desert.Called a SIROCCO inCierzoSee MISTRAL.other parts of the Mediterranean area.MaestroContrastesWinds a short distance apart blowing fromA northwesterly wind with fineoppositequadrantsfquent inthespringweather which blows,especiallyinand fall in the western Mediterranean.summer, in the Adriatic. It is mostfrequent on the western shore. ThisCordonazoThe"Lash of St.Francis."Namewind is also found on the coasts ofapplied locally to southerly hurricaneCorsica and Sardiniawinds along the west coast of Mexico.Matanuska WindIt is associated with tropical cyclonesA strong, gusty, northeast wind whichin the southeastern North Pacificoccasionally occurs during the winterOcean.These storms mayoccurfromin the vicinity of Palmer, Alaska.May to November, but ordinarily affectMistralA cold, dry wind blowing from thethe coastal areas most severely near ornorth overthe northwest coast oftheaftertheFeastofSt.Francis,October4Mediterranean Sea, particularly overAnight land breezeprevailingfromCoromellthe Gulf of Lions. Also calledNovember to May at La Paz, near theCIERZO.See also FALL WINDsouthern extremity of the Gulf ofNashi, N'aschiA northeast wind which occurs inCalifornia.winter on the Iranian coast of the1. A cooling sea breeze in the Tropics.Persian Gulf, especially near theDoctor2. See HARMATTAN. 3. The strongentranceto thegulf,and also on theSE wind which blows on the southMakran coast. It is probably associatedAfrican coast.Usually called CAPEwithanoutflowfromthecentral AsiaticDOCTORanticyclone which extends over the highland of Iran.It is similar in character butA strong southerly or southeasterlyElephantaless severe than the BORA.wind which blows on the MalabarNortecoast of India during the months ofA strong cold northeasterly wind whichSeptember and October andmarks theblows in Mexico and on the shores ofendof thesouthwest monsoon.the Gulf of Mexico. It results from anoutbreak of cold air from the north.It isEtesianA refreshing northerly summer windtheMexicanextensionofanortherof the Mediterranean, especially overPapagayoA violet northeasterly fall wind on thethe Aegean Sea.Pacific coast of Nicaragua andA strong northeast wind ofthe centralGregaleGuatemala.It consists of the cold airMediterranean.mass of a nortewhich has overriddenHarmattanThe dry, dusty trade wind blowing offthemountains of Central America. Seethe Sahara Desert across the Gulfofalso TEHUANTEPECER.Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands.Santa AnaA strong, hot, dry wind blowing out intoSometimes called the DOCTOR, becauseSan Pedro Channel from the southermof its supposed healthful properties.California desert through Santa Ana Pass.A strong southeast wind in the vicinityKnik WindShamalA summer northwesterly wind blowingof Palmer,Alaska, most frequent in theover Iraq and the Persian Gulf, oftenwinter.strong during the day, but decreasingat night
WEATHER ELEMENTS 489 Bull’s Eye Squall (continued) characteristic of the ocean off the coast of South Africa. It is named for the peculiar appearance of the small isolated cloud marking the top of the invisible vortex of the storm. Cape Doctor The strong southeast wind which blows on the South African coast. Also called the DOCTOR. Caver, Kaver A gentle breeze in the Hebrides. Chubasco A violent squall with thunder and lightning, encountered during the rainy season along the west coast of Central America. Churada A severe rain squall in the Mariana Islands during the northeast monsoon. They occur from November to April or May, especially from January through March. Cierzo See MISTRAL. Contrastes Winds a short distance apart blowing from opposite quadrants, frequent in the spring and fall in the western Mediterranean. Cordonazo The “Lash of St. Francis.” Name applied locally to southerly hurricane winds along the west coast of Mexico. It is associated with tropical cyclones in the southeastern North Pacific Ocean. These storms may occur from May to November, but ordinarily affect the coastal areas most severely near or after the Feast of St. Francis, October 4. Coromell A night land breeze prevailing from November to May at La Paz, near the southern extremity of the Gulf of California. Doctor 1. A cooling sea breeze in the Tropics. 2. See HARMATTAN. 3. The strong SE wind which blows on the south African coast. Usually called CAPE DOCTOR. Elephanta A strong southerly or southeasterly wind which blows on the Malabar coast of India during the months of September and October and marks the end of the southwest monsoon. Etesian A refreshing northerly summer wind of the Mediterranean, especially over the Aegean Sea. Gregale A strong northeast wind of the central Mediterranean. Harmattan The dry, dusty trade wind blowing off the Sahara Desert across the Gulf of Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands. Sometimes called the DOCTOR, because of its supposed healthful properties. Knik Wind A strong southeast wind in the vicinity of Palmer, Alaska, most frequent in the winter. Kona Storm A storm over the Hawaiian Islands, characterized by strong southerly or southwesterly winds and heavy rains. Leste A hot, dry, easterly wind of the Madeira and Canary Islands. Levanter A strong easterly wind of the Mediterranean, especially in the Strait of Gibraltar, attended by cloudy, foggy, and sometimes rainy weather especially in winter. Levantera A persistent east wind of the Adriatic, usually accompanied by cloudy weather. Levanto A hot southeasterly wind which blows over the Canary Islands. Leveche A warm wind in Spain, either a foehn or a hot southerly wind in advance of a low pressure area moving from the Sahara Desert. Called a SIROCCO in other parts of the Mediterranean area. Maestro A northwesterly wind with fine weather which blows, especially in summer, in the Adriatic. It is most frequent on the western shore. This wind is also found on the coasts of Corsica and Sardinia. Matanuska Wind A strong, gusty, northeast wind which occasionally occurs during the winter in the vicinity of Palmer, Alaska. Mistral A cold, dry wind blowing from the north over the northwest coast of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly over the Gulf of Lions. Also called CIERZO. See also FALL WIND. Nashi, N’aschi A northeast wind which occurs in winter on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, especially near the entrance to the gulf, and also on the Makran coast. It is probably associated with an outflow from the central Asiatic anticyclone which extends over the high land of Iran. It is similar in character but less severe than the BORA. Norte A strong cold northeasterly wind which blows in Mexico and on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. It results from an outbreak of cold air from the north. It is the Mexican extension of a norther. Papagayo A violet northeasterly fall wind on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua and Guatemala. It consists of the cold air mass of a norte which has overridden the mountains of Central America. See also TEHUANTEPECER. Santa Ana A strong, hot, dry wind blowing out into San Pedro Channel from the southern California desert through Santa Ana Pass. Shamal A summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf, often strong during the day, but decreasing at night