The shadowed areas are made with carbon/epoxy .Composite materials mass: 10.3%of the mass of the structure which corresponds to 50%of the aerodynamic surface of the plane Figure 7.16 F-18 Hornet Airplane This is a plane with inverse arrow(or negative) The advantages and inconveniences of a plane with negative arrow: excellent maneuverability at transonic speed. aeroelastic deformations diverge until rupture.Such a plane needs a rigid structure. Use of composites allows us to fix the flexure-torsion coupling to eliminate aeroelastic instability Figure 7.17 X-29 Grumman Airplane 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Figure 7.16 F-18 Hornet Airplane Figure 7.17 X-29 Grumman Airplane TX846_Frame_C07 Page 150 Monday, November 18, 2002 12:17 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC
vertical stabilizer top: Kevlar pilot seat: fuselage front: tip: fuselage tank: carbon carbon Kevlar carbon hatch: Kevlar vertical stabilizer: canard: carbon carbon rudder: carbon fairing at foot of vertical stabilizer: rad6me: Kevlar Kevlar rear fuselage: carbon landing hatch: carbon rear fuselage: Kevlar access doors: wing: fairing: elevators: carbon carbon carbon carbon airbrakes: carbon Figure 7.18 Rafale Airplane 7.1.9 Architecture of Composite Parts in Aircraft 7.1.9.1 Sandwich Design Sandwich with transverse honeycomb:Following the nature of the component, one uses two methods of fabrication: Multisteps in which the facings of the sandwich piece are polymerized separately and then are placed on the core having an adhesive film.After that the assembly is polymerized following the method represented in Section 4.4.2,where eventually polymerization is done in an autoclave.0 ■ Monostep in which,after the honeycomb core is formed,the facings are placed directly on this core.The assembly is polymerized using the same method as for the multistep method. Example:Wing box (Figure 7.19). 0 See also Section 2.1.3. 2003 by CRC Press LLC
7.1.9 Architecture of Composite Parts in Aircraft 7.1.9.1 Sandwich Design Sandwich with transverse honeycomb: Following the nature of the component, one uses two methods of fabrication: Multisteps in which the facings of the sandwich piece are polymerized separately and then are placed on the core having an adhesive film. After that the assembly is polymerized following the method represented in Section 4.4.2, where eventually polymerization is done in an autoclave. 10 Monostep in which, after the honeycomb core is formed, the facings are placed directly on this core. The assembly is polymerized using the same method as for the multistep method. Example: Wing box (Figure 7.19). Figure 7.18 Rafale Airplane 10 See also Section 2.1.3. TX846_Frame_C07 Page 151 Monday, November 18, 2002 12:17 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC